abstract
neurons and glia share many structural and molecular characteristics
the cytoskeleton determines cell shape
protein particles and organelles are actively transported along the axon and dendrites
fast axonal transport carries membranous organelles
slow axonal transport carries cytosolic proteins and elements of cytoskeleton
proteins are made in neurons as in other secretory cells
secretory and membrane proteins are synthesized and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum
secretory proteins are modified in the Golgi complex
surface membrane and extracellular substances are recycled in the cell
glial cells play diverse roles in neural function
glia form the insulating sheaths for axons
astrocytes support synaptic signaling
choroid plexus and ependymal cells produce cerebrospinal fluid
microglia in the brain are derived from bone marrow
an overall view
content
71
there are about 100 distinct types of neurons. this cytological diversity is also apparent at the molecular level. although neurons all inherit the same complement of genes, each expresses a restricted set and thus produces only certain molecules–enzymes, structural proteins, membrane constituents, and secretory products–and not others. in large part this expression depends on the cell’s developmental history. in essence each cell is the set of molecules that it makes
neurons and glia share many structural and molecular characteristics
the cytoskeleton determines cell shape
77
the dynamic state of microtubules and microfilaments permits a mature neuron to retract old axons and dendrites and extend new ones. this structural plasticity is thought to be a major factor in changes of synaptic connections and efficacy, and therefore cellular mechanisms of long-term memory and learning
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