Android Handler Looper MessageQueue原理分析

在app启动的时候会去执行ActivityThread.main()方法，在这个方法里面，有Looper.prepareMainLooper()、Looper.loop()方法。其实ActivityThread就是UI线程，Looper.prepareMainLooper()是为UI线程初始化一个Looper和MessageQueue对象，然后Looper.loop()开始进行循环。这样就构成了app的消息循环，以后的启动Activity，view树的绘制都是通过向MessageQueue里面添加消息，然后在Looper.loop()循环里面读取消息，读取到特定的消息后，通过Handler进行处理。具体的代码分析如下:

Looper.prepareMainLooper():

public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }

在这段代码里面会去调用prepare(false), prepare方法如下：

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

其中sThreadLocal代表线程变量，一个线程内该变量共享，如果sThreadLocal为空，会将新创建的Looper对象放在sThreadLocal变量里面。Looper的构造函数如下：

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mRun = true;
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

在构造函数里面会去初始化MessageQueue,赋值mThread为当前线程，置mRun标识为true。在执行完prepare()方法后，prepareMainLooper()方法会去执行sMainLooper = myLooper(), myLooper()方法就是去mThreadLocal里面去读Looper对象赋值给sMainLooper，这样初始化完成。

在调用Looper.prepareMainLooper()方法后，系统会帮我们初始化好Looper和MessageQueue对象，并且一个线程只能被调用一次，如果重复调用会抛出异常，所以一个线程对应一个Looper和MessageQueue。

接着初始化完成后，执行Looper.loop()方法。该方法如下：

public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycle();
        }
    }

整个代码前两句是获取当前的Looper和MessageQueue对象。然后进行到一个for循环，for循环的条件为for(;;), 这是一个死循环。Message msg = queue.next()， 从MessageQueue里面读取消息，如果没有消息会阻塞线程。读取到消息后执行msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)。msg.target是Handler对象，这个是在Message被构造的时候赋值的，这里会去嗲用Handler.dispatchMessage(msg)方法。具体代码如下：

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

在这里判断msg.callback是否为null， callback是在Message生成的时候赋值的，当通过post(new Runnable() {})这种形式来生成消息的时候，callback就会被赋值，代表Runnable对象。否则callback为null。如果callback不为空时，会去执行message.callback.run()方法。这里的Runnable不会以线程的方式去执行，依旧是在UI线程运行，这个要特别注意！如果callback为null，会去执行handleMessage(Message msg)方法， 该方法就是提供给编程的接口！ 执行消息处理代码后，会调用msg.recycle()方法来回收Message对象。这样一个循环就结束了。

接着讲向MessageQueue添加消息以及MessageQueue和Message的内部原理。

首先了解一下Message的内部构成。在Message里面，有几个重要的字段：

public int what;
public Object obj;
Bundle data;
Handler target;
Runnable callback;
private static final Object sPoolSync = new Object();
private static Message sPool;
private static int sPoolSize = 0;
private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50;

what、obj、data、target、callback都是Message的一下信息。sPoolSync是异步锁，sPool是一个Message的链表，sPoolSize是这个链表的长度，MAX_POOL_SIZE是链表的最大长度。一般请求Message对象不直接调用Message的构造方法，而是通过调用Message.obtain()方法。这是因为Message内部为我们实现了消息的管理，可以将Message回收，减少内存的消耗。Message.obtain()具体代码如下：

public static Message obtain() {
        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPool != null) {
                Message m = sPool;
                sPool = m.next;
                m.next = null;
                sPoolSize--;
                return m;
            }
        }
        return new Message();
    }

在这里首先对Message加锁，判断sPool是否为空，如果不为空，会将sPool指向的Message对象返回，然后sPool指针指向链表的下一个Message。和他相对应的是Message.recycle()。具体代码如下：

public void recycle() {
        clearForRecycle();

        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
                next = sPool;
                sPool = this;
                sPoolSize++;
            }
        }
    }

这个方法里面首先会去调用clearForRecycle(), 这里会去清理Message的那些私有变量。然后在链表的头部加入该Message对象，sPool指针指向自己。这样就节省了开销。

接下来了解向MessageQueue队列添加消息。一般可以通过handler.post或者是Handler.obtainMessage().sendToTarget()来实现。其实内部原理一样，我们挑Handler.obtainMessage().sendToTarget()来了解一下。在Handler.obtainMessage()里面，会去调用Message.obtain()，这个方法我们之前已经说过了。然后调用Message.sendToTarget(), 这个方法会去调用Handler.sendMessage(Message msg)方法。该方法最终会去执行MessageQueue.enqueueMessage()方法，具体代码如下：

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new AndroidRuntimeException("Message must have a target.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            }

            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

在MessageQueue里面，Message也是通过链表的形式来组织的。mMessages即为链表的头。根据传递进来的Message的等待时间插入到链表的合适位置，如果当前已经是阻塞状态则会去唤醒线程。具体的唤醒代码是native的。这样就完成了消息循环！