神经网络通俗讲，麻瓜变大神(二)-解释非线性

系列目录:
神经网络通俗讲，麻瓜变大神(一)-初识神经网络
神经网络通俗讲，麻瓜变大神(二)-解释非线性
神经网络通俗讲，麻瓜变大神(三)-卷积神经网络

下面是很常见的神经网络代码，3层神经网络，输入层(300,2),隐藏层(2,3),激活函数ReLu,输出层(3,3)，epoch=5000:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

np.random.seed(0)
N = 100 # number of points per class
D = 2 # dimensionality
K = 3 # number of classes
X = np.zeros((N*K,D))
y = np.zeros(N*K, dtype='uint8')
for j in xrange(K):
  ix = range(N*j,N*(j+1))
  r = np.linspace(0.0,1,N) # radius
  t = np.linspace(j*4,(j+1)*4,N) + np.random.randn(N)*0.2 # theta
  X[ix] = np.c_[r*np.sin(t), r*np.cos(t)]
  y[ix] = j

h = 3 # size of hidden layer
W1 = 0.01 * np.random.randn(D,h)
b1 = np.zeros((1,h))
W2 = 0.01 * np.random.randn(h,K)
b2 = np.zeros((1,K))

# some hyperparameters
step_size = 1e-0
reg = 1e-3 # regularization strength

# gradient descent loop
num_examples = X.shape[0]
#开始训练
for i in xrange(5000):

  # evaluate class scores, [N x K]
  score1 = np.maximum(0, np.dot(X, W1) + b1) # note, ReLU activation hidden_layer
  #print hidden_layer.shape
  score2 = np.dot(score1, W2) + b2  #scores
  #print scores.shape
  # compute the class probabilities
  exp_scores = np.exp(score2)
  probs = exp_scores / np.sum(exp_scores, axis=1, keepdims=True) # [N x K]
  #print probs.shape

  # compute the loss: average cross-entropy loss and regularization
  corect_logprobs = -np.log(probs[range(num_examples),y])
  data_loss = np.sum(corect_logprobs)/num_examples
  reg_loss = 0.5*reg*np.sum(W*W) + 0.5*reg*np.sum(W2*W2)
  loss = data_loss + reg_loss
  if i % 100 == 0:
    print "iteration %d: loss %f" % (i, loss)

  # compute the gradient on scores，开始反向传播
  dscore2 = probs
  dscore2[range(num_examples),y] -= 1
  dscore2 /= num_examples

  # backpropate the gradient to the parameters
  # first backprop into parameters W2 and b2
  dW2 = np.dot(score1.T, dscore2)
  db2 = np.sum(dscore2, axis=0, keepdims=True)
  # next backprop into hidden layer
  dscore1 = np.dot(dscore2, W2.T)
  # backprop the ReLU non-linearity
  dscore1[score1 <= 0] = 0
  # finally into W,b
  dW = np.dot(X.T, dscore1)
  db = np.sum(dscore1, axis=0, keepdims=True)

  # add regularization gradient contribution
  dW2 += reg * W2
  dW1 += reg * W1

  # perform a parameter update
  W1 += -step_size * dW1
  b1 += -step_size * db1
  W2 += -step_size * dW2
  b2 += -step_size * db2
#后面这里只是用于画图了
hidden_layer = np.maximum(0, np.dot(X, W) + b)
scores = np.dot(hidden_layer, W2) + b2
predicted_class = np.argmax(scores, axis=1)
print 'training accuracy: %.2f' % (np.mean(predicted_class == y))


h = 0.02
x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min() - 1, X[:, 0].max() + 1
y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min() - 1, X[:, 1].max() + 1
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h),
                     np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))
Z = np.dot(np.maximum(0, np.dot(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()], W) + b), W2) + b2
Z = np.argmax(Z, axis=1)
Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)
fig = plt.figure()
plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral, alpha=0.8)
plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y, s=40, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
plt.xlim(xx.min(), xx.max())
plt.ylim(yy.min(), yy.max())
plt.show()

最后输出各层权重和分类结果图:

经过四舍五入，得到各个参数矩阵:

$w1=\begin{bmatrix} -1.95&2.74&2.49\\ 1.63&1.26&-1.26\end{bmatrix}$ $b1=\begin{bmatrix} -1.36&1.10&0.92\end{bmatrix}$

$w2=\begin{bmatrix} -1.54&0.47&1.07\\ -0.23&1.58&-1.35\\-0.18&-1.22&1.4\end{bmatrix}$ $b2=\begin{bmatrix} 2.59&-1.98&-0.61\end{bmatrix}$

根据矩阵得到3个方程:
(1)z1 = -1.54*max(0,-1.95x+1.63y+1.36)-0.23*max(0,2.74x+1.26y+1.10)-0.18*max(0,2.49x-1.26y+0.92)+2.59
(2)z2 = 0.47*max(0,-1.95x+1.63y+1.36)+1.58*max(0,2.74x+1.26y+1.10)-1.22*max(0,2.49x-1.26y+0.92)-1.98
(3)z3 = 1.07*max(0,-1.95x+1.63y+1.36)-1.35*max(0,2.74x+1.26y+1.10)+1.4*max(0,2.49x-1.26y+0.92)-0.61

再看这3个方程图像,画图工具为ipad app,Pocket CAS: