自学Python笔记-第十五章＞使用Pygal模拟投骰子

整个第十五章的总结：

在本章中，学习了：

如何生成数据以及如何对其进行可视化

如何使用matplotlib创建简单的图表，以及如何使用散点图来探索随机漫步过程

如何使用Pygal来创建直方图，以及如何使用直方图来探索不同的骰子的结果。

 

首先是安装Pygal

在windows系统中，命令输入：

python -m pip install --user pygal==1.7

 

创建Die类

from random import randint


class Die():
    """表示一个骰子的类"""
    def __init__(self, num_sides=6):
        """骰子默认为6面"""
        self.num_sides = num_sides

    def roll(self):
        """返回一个位于1和骰子面数之间的随机值"""
        return randint(1, self.num_sides)

投骰子

import pygal

from die import Die

# 创建一个D6
die = Die()

# 掷几次骰子，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
    result = die.roll()
    results.append(result)
print(results)

绘制直方图

import pygal

from die import Die

# 创建一个D6
die = Die()

# 掷几次骰子，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
    result = die.roll()
    results.append(result)

# 分析结果
frequencies = []
for value in range(1, die.num_sides+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

# 对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()  # 创建了pygal.Bar()实例

hist.title = "Results of rolling one D6 1000 times."   # 开始给各个部分添加标题
hist.x_labels = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('die_visual.svg')     # 将图表渲染为SVG文件

Pygal让图表具有交互性：如果将鼠标指向该图表中的任何条形，将看到与之相关联的数据。在同一个图表中绘制多个数据集时，这项功能显得特别有用。

 

同时掷两个骰子

import pygal

from die import Die

# 创建两个D6骰子
die1 = Die()
die2 = Die()

# 掷骰子多次，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
    result = die1.roll() + die2.roll()
    results.append(result)

# 分析结果
frequencies = []
max_result = die1.num_sides + die2.num_sides
for value in range(2, max_result+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

# 对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling two D6 dice 1000 times."
hist.x_labels = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12']
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6 + D6', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('dice_visual.svg')

 

同时掷两个面数不同的骰子

import pygal

from die import Die

# 创建一个D6骰子、一个D10骰子
die1 = Die()
die2 = Die(10)

# 掷骰子多次，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(50000):
    result = die1.roll() + die2.roll()
    results.append(result)

# 分析结果
frequencies = []
max_result = die1.num_sides + die2.num_sides
for value in range(2, max_result+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

# 对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling a D6 and a D10 dice 50000 times."
hist.x_labels = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16']
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6 + D10', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('different_dice.svg')

 

 

动手试一试

15-6 自动生成标签

将其中hist.x_labels的代码修改为：

hist.x_labels = [x for x in range(1, die.num_sides+1)]

 

15-7 两个D8骰子

import pygal

from die import Die

# 创建两个D8骰子
die1 = Die(8)
die2 = Die(8)

# 掷骰子多次，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(50000):
    result = die1.roll() + die2.roll()
    results.append(result)

# 分析结果
frequencies = []
max_result = die1.num_sides + die2.num_sides
for value in range(2, max_result+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

# 对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling 2 D8 dice 50000 times."
hist.x_labels = [value for value in range(2, max_result+1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('2 D8', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('different_dice2.svg')

 

15-8 同时掷三个骰子

import pygal

from die import Die

# 创建三个D6骰子
die1 = Die()
die2 = Die()
die3 = Die()

# 掷骰子多次，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(50000):
    result = die1.roll() + die2.roll() + die3.roll()
    results.append(result)

# 分析结果
frequencies = []
max_result = die1.num_sides + die2.num_sides + die3.num_sides
for value in range(3, max_result+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

# 对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling three D6 dice 50000 times."
hist.x_labels = [value for value in range(3, max_result+1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('3 D6', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('different_dice3.svg')

 

15-9将点数相乘

import pygal

from die import Die

# 创建两个D6骰子
die1 = Die()
die2 = Die()

# 掷骰子多次，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
    result = die1.roll() * die2.roll()
    results.append(result)

# 分析结果
frequencies = []
max_result = die1.num_sides * die2.num_sides
for value in range(1, max_result+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

# 对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling two D6 dice 1000 times."
hist.x_labels = [value for value in range(1, max_result+1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6 * D6', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('dice_visual2.svg')

 

15-10 练习使用本章介绍的两个库

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from die import Die

# 创建一个D6
die = Die()
# 掷几次骰子，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(10000):
    result = die.roll()
    results.append(result)
# 分析结果
frequencies = []
for value in range(1, die.num_sides+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)
# 画折线图
x_values = range(1, die.num_sides+1)
y_values = frequencies
plt.plot(x_values, y_values)
plt.show()