数学极限合集
- lim n → ∞ 1 n \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{n} limn→∞n1
- lim n → ∞ 1 n \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} limn→∞n1
- lim n → ∞ ( 1 n + 1 ) \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\right) limn→∞(n+11)
- lim n → ∞ ( n n + 1 ) \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{n}{n+1}\right) limn→∞(n+1n)
- Harmonic series(调和级数) ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n} ∑n=1∞n1
- lim k → ∞ ∑ n = 0 k x n = ∑ n = 0 ∞ x n ∣ x ∣ < 1 \lim_{k\to\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{k}x^n=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}x^n |x|<1 limk→∞∑n=0kxn=∑n=0∞xn∣x∣<1
- ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 2 n \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{1}{2^n} ∑n=0∞2n1
- ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 2 n \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{2^n} ∑n=1∞2n1
- ∑ n = 1 ∞ n 2 n \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{n}{2^n} ∑n=1∞2nn
- ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n ( n + 1 ) \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)} ∑n=1∞n(n+1)1
- ∑ n = 1 ∞ n ! ( n + 1 ) ! \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{n!}{\left(n+1\right)!} ∑n=1∞(n+1)!n!
- lim n → ∞ ∑ k = 1 n 1 n 2 + k \lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}} limn→∞∑k=1nn2+k1
lim n → ∞ 1 n \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{n} limn→∞n1
lim n → ∞ 1 n = 0 \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{n}=0 n→∞limn1=0
lim n → ∞ 1 n \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} limn→∞n1
lim n → ∞ 1 n = lim n → ∞ 1 n = 0 = 0 \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\sqrt{\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{n}}=\sqrt{0}=0 n→∞limn1=n→∞limn1=0=0
lim n → ∞ ( 1 n + 1 ) \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\right) limn→∞(n+11)
lim n → ∞ ( 1 n + 1 ) = lim n → ∞ ( 1 n 1 + 1 n ) = 0 1 + 0 = 0 \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\right)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{\frac{1}{n}}{1+\frac{1}{n}}\right)=\frac{0}{1+0}=0 n→∞lim(n+11)=n→∞lim(1+n1n1)=1+00=0
lim n → ∞ ( n n + 1 ) \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{n}{n+1}\right) limn→∞(n+1n)
lim n → ∞ ( n n + 1 ) = lim n → ∞ ( 1 1 + 1 n ) = 1 \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{n}{n+1}\right)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{n}}\right)=1 n→∞lim(n+1n)=n→∞lim(1+n11)=1
Harmonic series(调和级数) ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n} ∑n=1∞n1
尝试使用达朗贝尔比值判别法(ratio test or d’Alembert’s ratio test or Cauchy ratio test):
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
n
+
1
1
n
)
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
n
n
+
1
)
=
1
\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{\frac{1}{n+1}}{\frac{1}{n}}\right)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{n}{n+1}\right)=1
n→∞lim(n1n+11)=n→∞lim(n+1n)=1
结论:达朗贝尔比值判别法无法判断Harmonic series
是否收敛。
证明方法1:假设Harmonic series
收敛于H
,即
H
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
H =\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n}
H=∑n=1∞n1。
H
≥
1
+
1
2
+
1
4
+
1
4
+
1
6
+
1
6
+
1
8
+
1
8
⋯
H\geq1 + \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8} \cdots
H≥1+21+41+41+61+61+81+81⋯
右侧可以进一步得到:
1
+
1
2
+
1
4
+
1
4
+
1
6
+
1
6
+
1
8
+
1
8
⋯
=
1
+
1
2
+
1
2
+
1
3
+
1
4
⋯
=
H
+
1
2
1 + \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8} \cdots=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}\cdots=H+\frac{1}{2}
1+21+41+41+61+61+81+81⋯=1+21+21+31+41⋯=H+21
最终我么们得到:
H
≥
H
+
1
2
H \geq H+\frac{1}{2}
H≥H+21
显然结论错误,进一步反推假设错误,因此Harmonic series
级数不收敛。
证明方法2:类比于证明方法1,这时我们将右侧写为:
1
+
1
2
+
1
4
+
1
4
+
1
8
+
1
8
+
1
8
+
1
8
⋯
=
1
+
1
2
+
1
2
+
1
2
+
⋯
=
∞
1 + \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8} \cdots=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\cdots=\infty
1+21+41+41+81+81+81+81⋯=1+21+21+21+⋯=∞
非常直观,Harmonic series
级数不收敛
lim k → ∞ ∑ n = 0 k x n = ∑ n = 0 ∞ x n ∣ x ∣ < 1 \lim_{k\to\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{k}x^n=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}x^n |x|<1 limk→∞∑n=0kxn=∑n=0∞xn∣x∣<1
无穷项级数其实也是一种极限的表达形式。根据等比数列前n
项和公式。
∑
n
=
0
∞
x
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
1
×
(
1
−
x
n
)
1
−
x
=
1
1
−
x
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}x^n=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1\times (1-x^n)}{1-x}=\frac{1}{1-x}
n=0∑∞xn=n→∞lim1−x1×(1−xn)=1−x1
∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 2 n \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{1}{2^n} ∑n=0∞2n1
直接令上面已经研究过的级数中的
x
=
1
2
x=\frac{1}{2}
x=21,得:
∑
n
=
0
∞
1
2
n
=
1
1
−
1
2
=
2
\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{1}{2^n}=\frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{2}}=2
n=0∑∞2n1=1−211=2
∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 2 n \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{2^n} ∑n=1∞2n1
方法一:用上面得到的结果减去第一个值
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
=
2
−
1
2
0
=
1
\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{2^n}=2 - \frac{1}{2^0} = 1
n=1∑∞2n1=2−201=1
方法二:将原有的形式做一个小的变化
1
2
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
−
1
=
1
2
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
2
k
=
1
2
×
2
=
1
\frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{1}{2^{k}}=\frac{1}{2}\times 2= 1
21n=1∑∞2n−11=21k=0∑∞2k1=21×2=1
∑ n = 1 ∞ n 2 n \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{n}{2^n} ∑n=1∞2nn
方法一:根据之前我们得到的关系
∑
n
=
0
∞
x
n
=
1
1
−
x
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}x^n=\frac{1}{1-x}
∑n=0∞xn=1−x1,对这个等式两侧同时微分:
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
x
n
−
1
=
1
(
1
−
x
)
2
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}nx^{n-1}=\frac{1}{\left(1-x\right)^2}
n=1∑∞nxn−1=(1−x)21
令
x
=
1
2
x=\frac{1}{2}
x=21,得:
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
1
2
n
−
1
=
1
(
1
−
1
2
)
2
=
4
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}n\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}=\frac{1}{\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2}=4
n=1∑∞n2n−11=(1−21)21=4
1
2
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
1
2
n
−
1
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
2
n
=
2
\frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}n\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{n}{2^n}=2
21n=1∑∞n2n−11=n=1∑∞2nn=2
方法二:后面补充
方法三:后面补充
∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n ( n + 1 ) \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)} ∑n=1∞n(n+1)1
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
=
1
n
−
1
(
n
+
1
)
\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)}
n(n+1)1=n1−(n+1)1
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
=
lim
n
→
∞
[
(
1
−
1
2
)
+
(
1
2
−
1
3
)
+
⋯
+
(
1
n
−
1
n
+
1
)
]
=
lim
n
→
∞
[
1
−
1
n
+
1
]
=
1
\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\lim_{n\to \infty}\left[\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2}- \frac{1}{3}\right)+\cdots+\left(\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\right)\right]=\lim_{n\to \infty}\left[1-\frac{1}{n+1}\right]=1
n=1∑∞n(n+1)1=n→∞lim[(1−21)+(21−31)+⋯+(n1−n+11)]=n→∞lim[1−n+11]=1
之前我们已经证明过了:
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
n
+
1
)
=
0
\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\right)=0
n→∞lim(n+11)=0
∑ n = 1 ∞ n ! ( n + 1 ) ! \sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{n!}{\left(n+1\right)!} ∑n=1∞(n+1)!n!
n
!
(
n
+
1
)
!
=
1
n
!
−
1
(
n
+
1
)
!
\frac{n!}{\left(n+1\right)!}=\frac{1}{n!}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)!}
(n+1)!n!=n!1−(n+1)!1
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
!
(
n
+
1
)
!
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
1
n
!
−
1
(
n
+
1
)
!
)
=
1
1
!
−
lim
n
→
∞
1
(
n
+
1
)
!
=
1
−
0
=
1
\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{n!}{\left(n+1\right)!}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\left(\frac{1}{n!}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)!}\right)=\frac{1}{1!}-\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)!}=1-0=1
n=1∑∞(n+1)!n!=n=1∑∞(n!1−(n+1)!1)=1!1−n→∞lim(n+1)!1=1−0=1
lim n → ∞ ∑ k = 1 n 1 n 2 + k \lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}} limn→∞∑k=1nn2+k1
根据夹挤定理求解:
确定下限:
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
+
k
=
1
n
2
+
1
+
1
n
2
+
2
+
⋯
+
1
n
2
+
n
>
1
n
2
+
n
+
1
n
2
+
n
+
⋯
+
1
n
2
+
n
=
n
n
2
+
n
\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+2}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}>\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}=\frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}
k=1∑nn2+k1=n2+11+n2+21+⋯+n2+n1>n2+n1+n2+n1+⋯+n2+n1=n2+nn
确定上限:
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
+
k
=
1
n
2
+
1
+
1
n
2
+
2
+
⋯
+
1
n
2
+
n
<
1
n
2
+
1
n
2
+
⋯
+
1
n
2
=
n
n
2
\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+2}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}<\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2}}+\cdots+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2}}=\frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2}}
k=1∑nn2+k1=n2+11+n2+21+⋯+n2+n1<n21+n21+⋯+n21=n2n
即:
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
+
k
<
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
=
n
n
2
\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}}<\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2}}=\frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2}}
k=1∑nn2+k1<k=1∑nn21=n2n
结合起来得到:
n
n
2
+
n
<
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
+
k
<
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
\frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}<\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}}<\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2}}
n2+nn<k=1∑nn2+k1<k=1∑nn21
进一步加入n
的趋向:
下限:
lim
n
→
∞
n
n
2
+
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
1
1
+
1
n
=
1
1
=
1
\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{n}}}=\frac{1}{1}=1
n→∞limn2+nn=n→∞lim1+n11=11=1
上限:
lim
n
→
∞
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
n
2
=
lim
n
→
∞
1
1
=
1
\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2}}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2}}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}=1
n→∞limk=1∑nn21=n→∞limn2n=n→∞lim11=1
将二者结合起来:
1
<
lim
n
→
∞
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
+
k
<
1
1<\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}}<1
1<n→∞limk=1∑nn2+k1<1
最终可以得到:
lim
n
→
∞
∑
k
=
1
n
1
n
2
+
k
=
1
\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}}=1
n→∞limk=1∑nn2+k1=1
最近一次更新时间 2021.09.18
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