多继承即一个子类可以有多个父类,它继承了多个父类的特性。
class <派生类名>:<继承方式1><基类名1>,<继承方式2><基类名2>,…
{
<派生类类体>
};
其中,访问修饰符继承方式是 public、protected 或 private 其中的一个,用来修饰每个基类,各个基类之间用逗号分隔,如上所示。
1. 子类与父类关系
多继承本质与单继承相同。子类拥有所有父类的成员变量,所有父类的成员函数,子类对象可以当做任意的父类对象使用。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class BaseA
{
int ma;
public:
BaseA(int a)
{
ma = a;
}
int getA()
{
return ma;
}
};
class BaseB
{
int mb;
public:
BaseB(int b)
{
mb = b;
}
int getB()
{
return mb;
}
};
class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
int mc;
public:
Derived(int a, int b, int c) : BaseA(a), BaseB(b)
{
mc = c;
}
int getC()
{
return mc;
}
void print()
{
cout << "ma = " << getA() << ", "
<< "mb = " << getB() << ", "
<< "mc = " << mc << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl; // 12
Derived d(1, 2, 3);
d.print();
cout << "d.getA() = " << d.getA() << endl;
cout << "d.getB() = " << d.getB() << endl;
cout << "d.getC() = " << d.getC() << endl;
cout << endl;
BaseA* pa = &d;
BaseB* pb = &d;
cout << "pa->getA() = " << pa->getA() << endl;
cout << "pb->getB() = " << pb->getB() << endl;
cout << endl;
void* paa = pa;
void* pbb = pb;
if( paa == pbb )
{
cout << "Pointer to the same object!" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Error" << endl;
}
cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
cout << "paa = " << paa << endl;
cout << "pbb = " << pbb << endl;
return 0;
}
1.2. 多继承问题
多继承在实际项目中需要按照合理的方式被使用,主要是多继承存在多种问题,会给架构设计带来问题。首先,上面例子中pa和pb地址两个指针地址值不一样时,它们也有可能指向的是同一个对象,这就是多重继承引入的问题。
其次,多继承还会产生如下冗余成员;
这种问题可以通过虚继承就不会调用父类的构造函数解决。但是,虚继承情况下Docter类需要直接调用顶层父类的构造函数,如第42行所示。在大型的工程中,我们可能很难找到顶层父类,虚继承解决了数据冗余问题,但是带来了项目管理问。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class People
{
string m_name;
int m_age;
public:
People(string name, int age)
{
m_name = name;
m_age = age;
}
void print()
{
cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
<< "Age = " << m_age << endl;
}
};
class Teacher : virtual public People
{
public:
Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
{
}
};
class Student : virtual public People
{
public:
Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
{
}
};
class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age), People(name, age)
{
}
};
int main()
{
Doctor d("Delphi", 33);
d.print();
return 0;
}
最后,多继承可能产生多个虚函数表,解决方案是通过dynamic_cast。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class BaseA
{
public:
virtual void funcA()
{
cout << "BaseA::funcA()" << endl;
}
};
class BaseB
{
public:
virtual void funcB()
{
cout << "BaseB::funcB()" << endl;
}
};
class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
};
int main()
{
Derived d;
BaseA* pa = &d;
BaseB* pb = &d;
BaseB* pbe = (BaseB*)pa; // oops!!
BaseB* pbc = dynamic_cast<BaseB*>(pa);
cout << "sizeof(d) = " << sizeof(d) << endl;
cout << "Using pa to call funcA()..." << endl;
pa->funcA();
cout << "Using pb to call funcB()..." << endl;
pb->funcB();
cout << "Using pbc to call funcB()..." << endl;
pbc->funcB();
cout << endl;
cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
cout << "pbe = " << pbe << endl;
cout << "pbc = " << pbc << endl;
return 0;
}
2. 正确打开方式
单个继承某个类,同时继承多个接口。工程中可以在父类中提供equal()成员函数,equal()成员函数用于判断指针是否指向当前对象,与多继承相关的强制类型转换使用dynamic_cast。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
protected:
int mi;
public:
Base(int i)
{
mi = i;
}
int getI()
{
return mi;
}
bool equal(Base* obj)
{
return (this == obj);
}
};
class Interface1
{
public:
virtual void add(int i) = 0;
virtual void minus(int i) = 0;
};
class Interface2
{
public:
virtual void multiply(int i) = 0;
virtual void divide(int i) = 0;
};
class Derived : public Base, public Interface1, public Interface2
{
public:
Derived(int i) : Base(i)
{
}
void add(int i)
{
mi += i;
}
void minus(int i)
{
mi -= i;
}
void multiply(int i)
{
mi *= i;
}
void divide(int i)
{
if( i != 0 )
{
mi /= i;
}
}
};
int main()
{
Derived d(100);
Derived* p = &d;
Interface1* pInt1 = &d;
Interface2* pInt2 = &d;
cout << "p->getI() = " << p->getI() << endl; // 100
pInt1->add(10);
pInt2->divide(11);
pInt1->minus(5);
pInt2->multiply(8);
cout << "p->getI() = " << p->getI() << endl; // 40
cout << endl;
cout << "pInt1 == p : " << p->equal(dynamic_cast<Base*>(pInt1)) << endl;
cout << "pInt2 == p : " << p->equal(dynamic_cast<Base*>(pInt2)) << endl;
return 0;
}