多继承 C++

多继承即一个子类可以有多个父类，它继承了多个父类的特性。

class <派生类名>:<继承方式1><基类名1>,<继承方式2><基类名2>,…
{
<派生类类体>
};

其中，访问修饰符继承方式是 public、protected 或 private 其中的一个，用来修饰每个基类，各个基类之间用逗号分隔，如上所示。

1. 子类与父类关系

多继承本质与单继承相同。子类拥有所有父类的成员变量，所有父类的成员函数，子类对象可以当做任意的父类对象使用。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class BaseA
{
    int ma;
public:
    BaseA(int a)
    {
        ma = a;
    }
    int getA()
    {
        return ma;
    }
};

class BaseB
{
    int mb;
public:
    BaseB(int b)
    {
        mb = b;
    }
    int getB()
    {
        return mb;
    }
};

class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
    int mc;
public:
    Derived(int a, int b, int c) : BaseA(a), BaseB(b)
    {
        mc = c;
    }
    int getC()
    {
        return mc;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "ma = " << getA() << ", "
             << "mb = " << getB() << ", "
             << "mc = " << mc << endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl;    // 12

    Derived d(1, 2, 3);

    d.print();

    cout << "d.getA() = " << d.getA() << endl;
    cout << "d.getB() = " << d.getB() << endl;
    cout << "d.getC() = " << d.getC() << endl;

    cout << endl;

    BaseA* pa = &d;
    BaseB* pb = &d;

    cout << "pa->getA() = " << pa->getA() << endl;
    cout << "pb->getB() = " << pb->getB() << endl;

    cout << endl;

    void* paa = pa;
    void* pbb = pb;


    if( paa == pbb )
    {
        cout << "Pointer to the same object!" << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Error" << endl;
    }

    cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
    cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
    cout << "paa = " << paa << endl;
    cout << "pbb = " << pbb << endl;

    return 0;
}

1.2. 多继承问题

多继承在实际项目中需要按照合理的方式被使用，主要是多继承存在多种问题，会给架构设计带来问题。首先，上面例子中pa和pb地址两个指针地址值不一样时，它们也有可能指向的是同一个对象，这就是多重继承引入的问题。

其次，多继承还会产生如下冗余成员；

 

这种问题可以通过虚继承就不会调用父类的构造函数解决。但是，虚继承情况下Docter类需要直接调用顶层父类的构造函数，如第42行所示。在大型的工程中，我们可能很难找到顶层父类，虚继承解决了数据冗余问题，但是带来了项目管理问。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class People
{
    string m_name;
    int m_age;
public:
    People(string name, int age)
    {
        m_name = name;
        m_age = age;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
             << "Age = " << m_age << endl;
    }
};

class Teacher : virtual public People
{
public:
    Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Student : virtual public People
{
public:
    Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
    Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age), People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

int main()
{
    Doctor d("Delphi", 33);

    d.print();

    return 0;
}

最后，多继承可能产生多个虚函数表，解决方案是通过dynamic_cast。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class BaseA
{
public:
    virtual void funcA()
    {
        cout << "BaseA::funcA()" << endl;
    }
};

class BaseB
{
public:
    virtual void funcB()
    {
        cout << "BaseB::funcB()" << endl;
    }
};

class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{

};

int main()
{
    Derived d;
    BaseA* pa = &d;
    BaseB* pb = &d;
    BaseB* pbe = (BaseB*)pa;    // oops!!
    BaseB* pbc = dynamic_cast<BaseB*>(pa);

    cout << "sizeof(d) = " << sizeof(d) << endl;

    cout << "Using pa to call funcA()..." << endl;

    pa->funcA();

    cout << "Using pb to call funcB()..." << endl;

    pb->funcB();

    cout << "Using pbc to call funcB()..." << endl;

    pbc->funcB();

    cout << endl;

    cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
    cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
    cout << "pbe = " << pbe << endl;
    cout << "pbc = " << pbc << endl;

    return 0;
}

2. 正确打开方式

单个继承某个类，同时继承多个接口。工程中可以在父类中提供equal()成员函数，equal()成员函数用于判断指针是否指向当前对象，与多继承相关的强制类型转换使用dynamic_cast。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Base
{
protected:
    int mi;
public:
    Base(int i)
    {
        mi = i;
    }
    int getI()
    {
        return mi;
    }
    bool equal(Base* obj)
    {
        return (this == obj);
    }
};

class Interface1
{
public:
    virtual void add(int i) = 0;
    virtual void minus(int i) = 0;
};

class Interface2
{
public:
    virtual void multiply(int i) = 0;
    virtual void divide(int i) = 0;
};

class Derived : public Base, public Interface1, public Interface2
{
public:
    Derived(int i) : Base(i)
    {
    }
    void add(int i)
    {
        mi += i;
    }
    void minus(int i)
    {
        mi -= i;
    }
    void multiply(int i)
    {
        mi *= i;
    }
    void divide(int i)
    {
        if( i != 0 )
        {
            mi /= i;
        }
    }
};

int main()
{
    Derived d(100);
    Derived* p = &d;
    Interface1* pInt1 = &d;
    Interface2* pInt2 = &d;

    cout << "p->getI() = " << p->getI() << endl;    // 100

    pInt1->add(10);
    pInt2->divide(11);
    pInt1->minus(5);
    pInt2->multiply(8);

    cout << "p->getI() = " << p->getI() << endl;    // 40

    cout << endl;

    cout << "pInt1 == p : " << p->equal(dynamic_cast<Base*>(pInt1)) << endl;
    cout << "pInt2 == p : " << p->equal(dynamic_cast<Base*>(pInt2)) << endl;

    return 0;
}