python 查询票

安装相关库

(py3env) [root@localhost tickets]# pip install requests prettytable docopt colorama

命令行解析工具docopt (注释一定要在import之前写）

(py3env) [root@localhost tickets]# vim tickets.py                            
# coding: utf-8

"""火车票查看器

Usage:
tickets [-gdtkz] <from> <to> <date>

Options:
-h,--help   显示菜单
-g          高铁
-d          动车
-t          特快
-k          快速
-z          直达

Example:
tickets 北京 上海 2016-10-10
tickets -dg 成都 南方 2016-10-10

"""

from docopt import docopt

if __name__ == '__main__':
    arguments = docopt(__doc__)
    print(arguments)

验证命令行解析工具

(py3env) [root@localhost tickets]# python tickets.py -dg 成都 南京 2017-12-10
{'-d': True,
 '-g': True,
 '-k': False,
 '-t': False,
 '-z': False,
 '<date>': '2017-12-10',
 '<from>': '成都',
 '<to>': '南京'}

通过Chrome访问12306，在后台查获取到对应访问URL，此时发现URL请求中是站台名称被转换成了字母，通过查看网页源代码发现是一个JS文件，故需要先将JS文件下载到本地

(py3env) [root@localhost tickets]# vim parse_station.py
# coding: utf-8


import re
import requests
from pprint import pprint

url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.9035'
# 拉取站台中文与字母对应关系

response = requests.get(url, verify=False)
# 不需要核实打开URL

stations = re.findall(u'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)|([A-Z]+)',response.text)
# 提取URL返回JSON中 中文|字母  格式

pprint(dict(stations), indent=4)
# 格式化打印，以空格4为间隔

执行下载

(py3env) [root@localhost tickets]# python parse_station.py > stations.py
/py3env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:858: InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings  InsecureRequestWarning)

对站台名称与字母转换文件中添加名称，形成字典方便使用

(py3env) [root@localhost tickets]# vim stations.py 
stations = { 
'一间堡': 'YJT',

添加一个类用于处理访问参数及表格展示

(py3env) [root@localhost tickets]# cat tickets.py 
# coding: utf-8

"""火车票查看器

Usage:
tickets [-cgdtkz] <from> <to> <date>

Options:
-h,--help   显示菜单
-g          高铁
-d          动车
-t          特快
-k          快速
-z          直达
-c          动车组

Example:
tickets 北京 上海 2016-10-10
tickets -dg 成都 南方 2016-10-10

"""

import requests
import json
import sys
from docopt import docopt
from stations import stations
from prettytable import PrettyTable
from colorama import init, Fore


class TrainsCollection:
header = "车次 车站 时间 历时 特等 一等 二等 高级软卧 软卧 动卧 硬卧 软座 硬座 无座 其它".split()


def __init__(self, available_trains, options):
    """查询到的火车班次集合

    :param available_trains:一个列表，包含可获得的火车班次，每个火车班次是一个字典
    :param options:查询的选项，如高铁，动车，etc
    """

    self.available_trains = available_trains
    self.options = options


# 将历时转化为小时和分钟的形式
def get_duration(self, raw_train):
    duration = raw_train[10].replace(':', '小时') + '分'
    if duration.startswith('00'):
        return duration[4:]
    if duration.startswith('0'):
        return duration[1:]
    return duration

def check_equals(self, start_station, end_station, test_station):
    """
    检查是否是始、过、终
    :param start_station: 出发位置
    :param end_station: 到达位置
    :param test_station: 判断位置
    :return: 返回结果
    """ 

    if start_station == test_station:
        return '始'
    elif end_station == test_station:
        return '终'
    else:
        return '过'


def trains(self):
    # 获取每一条数据
    for raw_train in self.available_trains:
        # 将数据按|分隔
        raw_train = raw_train.split('|')
        # 获取数组中第4列数据
        train_no = raw_train[3]
        # 获取车次对应第一个字母
        initial = train_no[0].lower()
        # 反转station所对应的字典
        station_re = dict(zip(stations.values(), stations.keys()))
        # 如果没有参数或查询车次首字母在opthons中才会显示
        if not self.options or initial in self.options:
            # 分别获取车次始发、终点、查询开始站、查询到达站
            begin_station = station_re.get(raw_train[4])
            end_station = station_re.get(raw_train[5])
            from_station = station_re.get(raw_train[6])
            to_station = station_re.get(raw_train[7])

            # 判断是否为始发、终止、过
            begin_flag = self.check_equals(begin_station, end_station, from_station)
            end_flag = self.check_equals(begin_station, end_station, to_station)

            # 将数据拼接
            train = [
                train_no,
                '\n'.join([Fore.GREEN + begin_flag + ' ' + str(from_station) + Fore.RESET,
                           Fore.RED + end_flag + ' ' + str(to_station) + Fore.RESET]),
                '\n'.join([Fore.GREEN + raw_train[8] + Fore.RESET,
                           Fore.RED + raw_train[9] + Fore.RESET]),

                self.get_duration(raw_train),

                # 如果查询到数据不为空就使用否则就是--

                # 商务座、特等座
                raw_train[32] if raw_train[32] != "" else "--",

                # 一等座
                raw_train[31] if raw_train[31] != "" else "--",

                # 二等座
                raw_train[30] if raw_train[30] != "" else "--",

                # 高级软卧
                raw_train[21] if raw_train[21] != "" else "--",

                # 软卧
                raw_train[23] if raw_train[23] != "" else "--",

                # 动卧
                raw_train[33] if raw_train[33] != "" else "--",

                # 硬卧
                raw_train[28] if raw_train[28] != "" else "--",

                # 软座
                raw_train[24] if raw_train[24] != "" else "--",

                # 硬座
                raw_train[29] if raw_train[29] != "" else "--",

                # 无座
                raw_train[26] if raw_train[26] != "" else "--",

                # 其它
                raw_train[22] if raw_train[22] != "" else "--",
            ]
            yield train

# 按表格打印
def pretty_print(self):
    pt = PrettyTable()
    # 设置表格标题
    pt._set_field_names(self.header)
    # 一行一行打印
    for train in self.trains():
        pt.add_row(train)
    print(pt)


def cli():
    """command-line interface"""
    # 将绑定交互参数
    arguments = docopt(__doc__)
    from_station = stations.get(arguments['<from>'])
    to_station = stations.get(arguments['<to>'])
    date = arguments['<date>']
    #print(arguments)

# 构建URL
url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/query?leftTicketDTO.train_date={}&leftTicketDTO.from_station={}&leftTicketDTO.to_station={}&purpose_codes=ADULT'.format(
    date, from_station, to_station
)

# 获取参数中的key从arguments中，前提为value为True
options = ''.join([
    key for key, value in arguments.items() if value is True
])

r = requests.get(url, verify=False)
# 以防输入过期的时间，如果时间为过期时间就终止查询
available_trains = r.json()['data']['result'] if 'data' in r.json() else print(r.json()['messages']),sys.exit()
TrainsCollection(available_trains, options).pretty_print()

# __name__为__main__时表示程序作为主程序执行，而不是使用import 作为模块导入执行
if __name__ == '__main__':
    cli()

展示结果