笔记之路，6 小时从零学会 python

对于熟练 C 语言和 C# 语言的来说，python 很简单，但不是特别习惯。
windows Python 安装路径：
进入 cmd ，命令： where python

1. print & input

# 字符串可以运算
print('*' * 10)
# 输出： **********

name = input('what is your name ')
print(name)

course = '''
Hi
   xhr !'''
print(course[0]) # 输出了换行
print(course[1]) # 输出 H
print(course[-1]) # 输出 !

course = 'abcdefghijklmn'
print(course[3:6]) # 输出 def    [3,6)
print(course[3:]) # 输出 defghijklmn  [3,+∞)
print(course[:3]) # 输出 abc  [0,3)
print(course[1:-1]) # 输出 bcdefghijklm  [1,-1)

course = 'abcdefghijklmn'
another = course[:]
print(another) # 输出 abcdefghijklmn

2. 类型转换

year = int(input('year: '))
print(2020 - year)
print(type(year))

3. string

name = 'xhr'
sex = 'man'
msg = f'{name} [{sex}] is a coder'
print(msg) # xhr [man] is a coder

msg = 'xhr is a coder'
print(msg.split()) # ['xhr', 'is', 'a', 'coder']
print(len(msg))   # 14
print(msg.upper()) # XHR IS A CODER
print(msg.find('is')) # 4
print(msg.replace('is', 'was')) # xhr was a coder
print('was' in msg) # False

4. 运算

print(10 / 3)  # 3.3333333333333335
print(10 // 3) # 3
print(10 ** 3) # 1000   幂运算

四舍六入  五成双
print(round(2.9))  # 3
print(round(2.5))  # 2
print(round(3.5))  # 4

import math
print(math.ceil(2.1))   # 3
print(math.floor(2.9))  # 2

5. if & elif & else

temperature = 18

if temperature > 40:
    print("hot day")
    print("swim")
elif temperature < 15:
    print("cold day")
    print("sleep")
else:
    print("good day")
if (temperature > 15) and (temperature < 25):
    print("have fun")
# && -> and
# || -> or
#  ! -> not

6. 循环

6.1 while loop

python 的 while 居然有 else ，好像还挺有用，如果提前退出循环不会执行 else ，循环正常退出执行 else。

i = 1
while i <= 5:
    print(i * '*')
    i += 1
    if i > 3:
        break
else:
    print('Done')

6.2 for loop

类似 C# 的 foreach，range 函数左闭右开 [5,10)，返回类似 C# 迭代器的对象。

for item in ['xhr1', 'xhr2', 'xhr3']:
    print(item)
for item in range(5, 10):
    print(item)
for item in range(5, 10, 2): # 5 7 9
    print(item)

7. list

7.1 一维链表

不知道 python 官方翻译是啥，还是叫链表顺口。

names = ['xhr', 'ly', 5, 3.14]
print(names)
# 输出 :
# ['xhr', 'ly', 5, 3.14]
print(names[0])  # xhr
print(names[3])  # 3.14
print(names[-2]) # 5
print(names[1:3]) # ['ly', 5]

常用方法

nums = [5, 4, 1, 7]
nums2 = nums.copy()
nums.append(20) 
print(nums) # [5, 4, 1, 7, 20]
nums.insert(0, 30) # (index, obj)
print(nums) # [30, 5, 4, 1, 7, 20]
nums.remove(5)
print(nums) # [30, 4, 1, 7, 20]
print(nums.index(7)) # 3
print(nums.pop()) # 20
print(nums) # [30, 4, 1, 7]
nums.sort()
print(nums) # [1, 4, 7, 30]
nums.reverse()
print(nums) # [30, 7, 4, 1]
print(nums2) # [5, 4, 1, 7]

如果对象不在链表中，使用链表的 index 方法会导致错误，所以用下面这个方法来查找链表中是否存在某对象比较安全：

nums = [1, 2, 3, 5]
print(4 in nums) # False
print(4 not in nums) # True

7.2 二维链表

matrix = [
    ['xhr', 2, 3],
    ['jay', 5, 6, 555],
    [7,  'ly', 9],
]
print(matrix[0][0]) # xhr
print(matrix[1][0]) # jay
print(matrix[1][1]) # 5
print(matrix[1][3]) # 555

for row in matrix:
    for item in row:
        print(item)

8. tuple

类似数组，但是也不一样，不能对元组进行任何修改。

nums = (1, 'xhr', 3, 5)
print(nums) # (1, 'xhr', 3, 5)

9. unpacking

coordinates = (1, 2, 3)
x, y, z = coordinates
print(x) # 1
print(y) # 2
print(z) # 3

10. key value pair（dictionary）

使用 get 方法，如果不存在该 key ，不会报错，返回 None （可以提供默认值，不存在key时返回默认值）
请注意，不要像下面那样单双引号混用，这里只是测试。

customer = {
    'name': 'xhr',
    'money': 0,
    'home': 'none',
    'is_xuezha': True,
}
print(customer["name"]) # xhr
print(customer.get('xx')) # None
print(customer.get('is_xuezha')) # True
print(customer.get("xx", "xx is null")) # xx is null

customer['name'] = 'ly'
print(customer["name"]) # ly
customer['birthdate'] = '1970.1.1'
print(customer["birthdate"]) # 1970.1.1

inputs = input('your phone : ')

nums = {
    1: 'one',
    2: 'two',
    3: 'three',
    4: 'fore',
}
output = ''
for i in inputs:
    output += nums.get(int(i), '?') + ' '
print(output)
# 输入： 2541
# 输出： two ? fore one 

11. function

强迫症的 python 要求函数定义后要空两行，否则报警告。

def __greet_user(name):
    print(f'hi {name} !')
    print('in func __greet_user')


def greet_user(*user):
    if len(user) == 0:
        __greet_user('')
    elif len(user) == 1:
        __greet_user(user[0])
    else:
        print("fault : too many users")


greet_user('xhr')
greet_user()

def clac_cost(count, price):
    return count * price


total = clac_cost(price=3.3, count=5)
print(total) # 16.5

12. try & except

输入字母，输出 ValueError
输入 0 ，输出 other except

try:
    age = int(input('Age: '))
    income = 10000
    print(income / age)
except ValueError:
    print("ValueError")
except Exception:
    print("other except")

13. class

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def move(self, dx, dy):
        self.x += dx
        self.y += dy

    def draw(self):
        print(f'({self.x}, {self.y})')


p1 = Point(10, 20)
p1.draw() # (10, 20)
p1.move(-5, 5)
p1.draw() # (5, 25)

14. inherit

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def walk(self):
        print(f'{self.name} is walking')


class Dog(Animal):
    def __init__(self, name):
        Animal.__init__(self, name)


class Cat(Animal):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Cat, self).__init__('cat')


dog = Dog('dog_xiaoming')
dog.walk() # dog_xiaoming is walking
cat = Cat()
cat.walk() # cat is walking

15. modules

新建一个 xhr_module.py ，一个文件就是一个模块。

def walk():
    print('walk')
def sleep():
    print('sleep')

在 app.py 中

import xhr_module
from xhr_module import sleep
xhr_module.walk() # walk
sleep() # sleep

16. package

一个文件夹就是一个 package，在文件夹中新建 __init__.py ，再新建其他 .py 文件。
xhr_package 是一个 package
package_test 是一个 module
pack_walk 和 pack_sleep 是 package_test 种的函数

import xhr_package.package_test
from xhr_package.package_test import pack_sleep
xhr_package.package_test.pack_walk() # pack_walk
pack_sleep() # pack_sleep

17. standard library

google “python 3 module index”

常用模块：

1. datetime
2. email
3. random

import random
for i in range(3):
    print(random.random())
for i in range(3):
    print(random.randint(10, 99))
members = ['xhr', 'ly', 'jay', 'others']
print(random.choice(members))

4. pathlib

from pathlib import Path
path = Path('xhr_package')
print(path.exists()) # True

from pathlib import Path
path = Path() # 默认为当前目录
for pyfile in path.glob('*.py'): # 搜索
    print(pyfile)

18. open source library

open source library: pypi

1. sms
   Simple and straightforward way to send text messages

2. openpyxl
   A Python library to read/write Excel 2010 xlsx/xlsm files
   在终端执行 pip install openpyxl，就可以导入了

import openpyxl as xl
from openpyxl.chart import BarChart, Reference

wb = xl.load_workbook('test.xlsx')

sheet = wb['Sheet1']
cell = sheet['a1']
cell = sheet.cell(1, 1)
print(cell.value)

for row in range(2, sheet.max_row + 1):
    old_cell = sheet.cell(row, 3)
    new_cell = sheet.cell(row, 4)
    new_cell.value = old_cell.value * 0.95

ref = Reference(sheet, min_row=2,
                max_row=sheet.max_row,
                min_col=4, max_col=4)

chart = BarChart()
chart.add_data(ref)
sheet.add_chart(chart, 'e2')

wb.save('test2.xlsx')

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python document
python 3 standard library
open source library: pypi
python