整数求幂

B - 整数快速幂

Time Limit:1000MS     Memory Limit:30000KB     64bit IO Format:%I64d & %I64u

Submit  Status

Description

People are different. Some secretly read magazines full of interesting girls' pictures, others create an A-bomb in their cellar, others like using Windows, and some like difficult mathematical games. Latest marketing research shows, that this market segment was so far underestimated and that there is lack of such games. This kind of game was thus included into the KOKODáKH. The rules follow: 

Each player chooses two numbers Ai and Bi and writes them on a slip of paper. Others cannot see the numbers. In a given moment all players show their numbers to the others. The goal is to determine the sum of all expressions Ai  ^Bi from all players including oneself and determine the remainder after division by a given number M. The winner is the one who first determines the correct result. According to the players' experience it is possible to increase the difficulty by choosing higher numbers. 

You should write a program that calculates the result and is able to find out who won the game. 

Input

The input consists of Z assignments. The number of them is given by the single positive integer Z appearing on the first line of input. Then the assignements follow. Each assignement begins with line containing an integer M (1 <= M <= 45000). The sum will be divided by this number. Next line contains number of players H (1 <= H <= 45000). Next exactly H lines follow. On each line, there are exactly two numbers Ai and Bi separated by space. Both numbers cannot be equal zero at the same time.

Output

For each assingnement there is the only one line of output. On this line, there is a number, the result of expression 

(A₁^B₁+A₂^B₂+ ... +A_H^B_H)mod M.

Sample Input

3
16
4
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
36123
1
2374859 3029382
17
1
3 18132

Sample Output

2
13195
13

快速求正整数次幂，当然不能直接死乘。举个例子：
3 ^ 999 = 3 * 3 * 3 * … * 3
直接乘要做998次乘法。但事实上可以这样做，先求出2^k次幂：
3 ^ 2 = 3 * 3
3 ^ 4 = (3 ^ 2) * (3 ^ 2)
3 ^ 8 = (3 ^ 4) * (3 ^ 4)
3 ^ 16 = (3 ^ 8) * (3 ^ 8)
3 ^ 32 = (3 ^ 16) * (3 ^ 16)
3 ^ 64 = (3 ^ 32) * (3 ^ 32)
3 ^ 128 = (3 ^ 64) * (3 ^ 64)
3 ^ 256 = (3 ^ 128) * (3 ^ 128)
3 ^ 512 = (3 ^ 256) * (3 ^ 256)
再相乘：
3 ^ 999
= 3 ^ (512 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 4 + 2 + 1)
= (3 ^ 512) * (3 ^ 256) * (3 ^ 128) * (3 ^ 64) * (3 ^ 32) * (3 ^ 4) * (3 ^ 2) * 3
这样只要做16次乘法。即使加上一些辅助的存储和运算，也比直接乘高效得多（尤其如果这里底数是成百上千位的大数字的话）。
我们发现，把999转为2进制数：1111100111，其各位就是要乘的数。这提示我们利用求二进制位的算法（其中mod是模运算）：
<pre name="code" class="cpp">#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef __int64 int64;			//不能用#define

int64 mult(int64 a,int64 b,int64 m)
{
	int64 ans=1;
	while(b)
	{
		if(b%2==1)				//b%2==1 与 b&1 等价，所以也可以用 b&1
		{
			ans=(ans*a)%m;
		}
		b=b/2;					//b=b/2 与 b>>=1 等价。
		a=(a*a)%m;
	}
	return ans%m;
}

int main()
{
	int i,z,m,h,a[5000],b[5000];
	int64 sum;
	scanf("%d",&z);
	while(z--)
	{
		sum=0;
		scanf("%d%d",&m,&h);
		for(i=0;i<h;i++)
			scanf("%d%d",&a[i],&b[i]);
		for(i=0;i<h;i++)
			sum=(sum+mult(a[i],b[i],m))%m;
		printf("%I64d\n",sum);
	}
	return 0;
}