解读坐标系定义之：proj4

proj4 命令
proj -l 获取所有的坐标系
proj -ld 获取所有的基准面
proj -le 获取所有的椭球体
proj -lu 获取所有的单位
cs2cs -lm 获取所有的中央子午线

一、proj-strings

“proj-strings”. A proj-string describes any transformation regardless of how simple or complicated it might be

0、参数列表

Parameter	Description
+a	Semimajor radius of the ellipsoid axis 长轴
+axis	Axis orientation 长轴方向
+b	Semiminor radius of the ellipsoid axis 短轴
* +ellps	Ellipsoid name 椭球体
* +datum	Datum name 基准面
+k	Scaling factor (deprecated) 缩放系数
+k_0	Scaling factor 缩放系数
+lat_0	Latitude of origin 原点纬度
+lon_0	Central meridian 中央子午线
+lon_wrap	Center longitude to use for wrapping
+over	Allow longitude output outside -180 to 180 range, disables wrapping
+pm	Alternate prime meridian (typically a city name 备用本初子午线
* +proj	Projection name 坐标系名称
+units	meters, US survey feet.etc. 水平单位，米、英寸等
+vunits	vertical units 垂直单位
+x_0	False easting 向东偏移距离
+y_0	False northing 向北偏移距离

补充：

Parameter	Description
+geoidgrids	Filename of GTX grid file to use for vertical datum transforms
+nadgrids	Filename of NTv2 grid file to use for datum transforms
+towgs84	3 or 7 term datum transform parameters
+to_meter	Multiplier to convert map units to 1.0m
+vto_meter	Vertical conversion to meters

1、+axis

1.1 组合值

• “e” - Easting
• “w” - Westing
• “n” - Northing
• “s” - Southing
• “u” - Up
• “d” - Down

1.2 +axis常用值

• +axis=enu - the default easting, northing, elevation.
• +axis=neu - northing, easting, up - useful for “lat/long” geographic coordinates, or south orientated transverse mercator.
• +axis=wnu - westing, northing, up - some planetary coordinate systems have “west positive” coordinate systems

2、+ellps 椭球体

名称	长半轴 a	短半轴 b	1/扁率 rf	描述
MERIT	6378137.0		298.257	MERIT 1983
SGS85	6378136.0		298.257	Soviet Geodetic System 85
* GRS80	6378137.0		298.257222101	GRS 1980(IUGG, 1980)
IAU76	6378140.0		298.257	IAU 1976
airy	6377563.396		299.3249646	Airy 1830
APL4.9	6378137.0		298.25	Appl. Physics. 1965
NWL9D	6378145.0		298.25	Naval Weapons Lab., 1965
mod_airy	6377340.189	6356034.446		Modified Airy
andrae	6377104.43		300.0	Andrae 1876 (Den., Iclnd.)
danish	6377019.2563		300.0	Andrae 1876 (Denmark, Iceland)
aust_SA	6378160.0		298.25	Australian Natl & S. Amer. 1969
GRS67	6378160.0		298.2471674270	GRS 67(IUGG 1967)
GSK2011	6378136.5		298.2564151	GSK-2011
bessel	6377397.155		299.1528128	Bessel 1841
bess_nam	6377483.865		299.1528128	Bessel 1841 (Namibia)
clrk66	6378206.4	6356583.8		Clarke 1866
clrk80	6378249.145		293.4663	Clarke 1880 mod.
clrk80ign	6378249.2		293.4660212936269	Clarke 1880 (IGN).
CPM	6375738.7		334.29	Comm. des Poids et Mesures 1799
delmbr	6376428.		311.5	Delambre 1810 (Belgium)
engelis	6378136.05		298.2566	Engelis 1985
evrst30	6377276.345		300.8017	Everest 1830
evrst48	6377304.063		300.8017	Everest 1948
evrst56	6377301.243		300.8017	Everest 1956
evrst69	6377295.664		300.8017	Everest 1969
evrstSS	6377298.556		300.8017	Everest (Sabah & Sarawak)
fschr60	6378166.		298.3	Fischer (Mercury Datum) 1960
fschr60m	6378155.		298.3	Modified Fischer 1960
fschr68	6378150.		298.3	Fischer 1968
helmert	6378200.		298.3	Helmert 1906
hough	6378270.0		297.	Hough
intl	6378388.0		297.	International 1909 (Hayford)
krass	6378245.0		298.3	Krassovsky, 1942
kaula	6378163.		298.24	Kaula 1961
lerch	6378139.		298.257	Lerch 1979
mprts	6397300.		191.	Maupertius 1738
new_intl	6378157.5	6356772.2		New International 1967
plessis	6376523.	6355863		Plessis 1817 (France)
PZ90	6378136.0		298.25784	PZ-90
SEasia	6378155.0	6356773.3205		Southeast Asia
walbeck	6376896.0	6355834.8467		Walbeck
WGS60	6378165.0		298.3	WGS 60
WGS66	6378145.0		298.25	WGS 66
WGS72	6378135.0		298.26	WGS 72
* WGS84	6378137.0		298.257223563	WGS 84
sphere	6370997.0	6370997.0		Normal Sphere (r=6370997)

3、+datum 基准面

基准面是在具有明确方向的椭球体

datum 基准面	ellipse 椭球体	Description
WGS84	WGS84	towgs84=0,0,0
GGRS87	GRS80	towgs84=-199.87,74.79,246.62 Greek_Geodetic_Reference_System_1987
NAD83	GRS80	towgs84=0,0,0 North_American_Datum_1983
NAD27	clrk66	nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat North_American_Datum_1927
potsdam	bessel	nadgrids=@BETA2007.gsb Potsdam Rauenberg 1950 DHDN
carthage	clrk80ign	towgs84=-263.0,6.0,431.0 Carthage 1934 Tunisia
hermannskogel	bessel	towgs84=577.326,90.129,463.919,5.137,1.474,5.297,2.4232 Hermannskogel
ire65	mod_airy	towgs84=482.530,-130.596,564.557,-1.042,-0.214,-0.631,8.15 Ireland 1965
nzgd49	intl	towgs84=59.47,-5.04,187.44,0.47,-0.1,1.024,-4.5993 New Zealand Geodetic Datum 1949
OSGB36	airy	towgs84=446.448,-125.157,542.060,0.1502,0.2470,0.8421,-20.4894 Airy 1830

3、+pm （prime meridian）中央子午线

Meridian	Longitude
greenwich	0° E
lisbon	9° 07’ 54.862” W
paris	2° 20’ 14.025” E
bogota	74° 04’ 51.3” E
madrid	3° 41’ 16.48” W
rome	12° 27’ 8.4” E
bern	7° 26’ 22.5” E
jakarta	106° 48’ 27.79” E
ferro	17° 40’ W
brussels	4° 22’ 4.71” E
stockholm	18° 3’ 29.8” E
athens	23° 42’ 58.815” E
oslo	10° 43’ 22.5” E

4、+proj 坐标系

Value	Description
aea	Albers Equal Area
aeqd	Azimuthal Equidistant
affine	Affine transformation
airy	Airy
aitoff	Aitoff
alsk	Mod. Stereographic of Alaska
apian	Apian Globular I
august	August Epicycloidal
axisswap	Axis ordering
bacon	Bacon Globular
bertin1953	Bertin 1953
bipc	Bipolar conic of western hemisphere
boggs	Boggs Eumorphic
bonne	Bonne (Werner lat_1=90)
calcofi	Cal Coop Ocean Fish Invest Lines/Stations
cart	Geodetic/cartesian conversions
cass	Cassini
cc	Central Cylindrical
ccon	Central Conic
cea	Equal Area Cylindrical
chamb	Chamberlin Trimetric
collg	Collignon
comill	Compact Miller
crast	Craster Parabolic (Putnins P4)
deformation	Kinematic grid shift
denoy	Denoyer Semi-Elliptical
eck1	Eckert I
eck2	Eckert II
eck3	Eckert III
eck4	Eckert IV
eck5	Eckert V
eck6	Eckert VI
eqearth	Equal Earth
eqc	Equidistant Cylindrical (Plate Carree)
eqdc	Equidistant Conic
euler	Euler
etmerc	Extended Transverse Mercator
fahey	Fahey
fouc	Foucaut
fouc_s	Foucaut Sinusoidal
gall	Gall (Gall Stereographic)
geoc	Geocentric Latitude
geogoffset	Geographic Offset
geos	Geostationary Satellite View
gins8	Ginsburg VIII (TsNIIGAiK)
gn_sinu	General Sinusoidal Series
gnom	Gnomonic
goode	Goode Homolosine
gs48	Mod. Stereographic of 48 U.S.
gs50	Mod. Stereographic of 50 U.S.
hammer	Hammer & Eckert-Greifendorff
hatano	Hatano Asymmetrical Equal Area
healpix	HEALPix
rhealpix	rHEALPix
helmert	3(6)-, 4(8)- and 7(14)-parameter Helmert shift
hgridshift	Horizontal grid shift
horner	Horner polynomial evaluation
igh	Interrupted Goode Homolosine
imw_p	International Map of the World Polyconic
isea	Icosahedral Snyder Equal Area
kav5	Kavraisky V
kav7	Kavraisky VII
krovak	Krovak
labrd	Laborde
laea	Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
lagrng	Lagrange
larr	Larrivee
lask	Laskowski
* lonlat	Lat/long (Geodetic)
latlon	Lat/long (Geodetic alias)
lcc	Lambert Conformal Conic
lcca	Lambert Conformal Conic Alternative
leac	Lambert Equal Area Conic
lee_os	Lee Oblated Stereographic
loxim	Loximuthal
lsat	Space oblique for LANDSAT
mbt_s	McBryde-Thomas Flat-Polar Sine (No. 1)
mbt_fps	McBryde-Thomas Flat-Pole Sine (No. 2)
mbtfpp	McBride-Thomas Flat-Polar Parabolic
mbtfpq	McBryde-Thomas Flat-Polar Quartic
mbtfps	McBryde-Thomas Flat-Polar Sinusoidal
* merc	Mercator 墨卡托
mil_os	Miller Oblated Stereographic
mill	Miller Cylindrical
misrsom	Space oblique for MISR
moll	Mollweide
molobadekas	Molodensky-Badekas transformation
molodensky	Molodensky transform
murd1	Murdoch I
murd2	Murdoch II
murd3	Murdoch III
natearth	Natural Earth
natearth2	Natural Earth 2
nell	Nell
nell_h	Nell-Hammer
nicol	Nicolosi Globular
nsper	Near-sided perspective
nzmg	New Zealand Map Grid
noop	No operation
ob_tran	General Oblique Transformation
ocea	Oblique Cylindrical Equal Area
oea	Oblated Equal Area
omerc	Oblique Mercator
ortel	Ortelius Oval
ortho	Orthographic
pconic	Perspective Conic
patterson	Patterson Cylindrical
pipeline	Transformation pipeline manager
poly	Polyconic (American)
pop	Retrieve coordinate value from pipeline stack
push	Save coordinate value on pipeline stack
putp1	Putnins P1
putp2	Putnins P2
putp3	Putnins P3
putp3p	Putnins P3’
putp4p	Putnins P4’
putp5	Putnins P5
putp5p	Putnins P5’
putp6	Putnins P6
putp6p	Putnins P6’
qua_aut	Quartic Authalic
qsc	Quadrilateralized Spherical Cube
robin	Robinson
rouss	Roussilhe Stereographic
rpoly	Rectangular Polyconic
sch	Spherical Cross-track Height
sinu	Sinusoidal (Sanson-Flamsteed)
somerc	Swiss. Obl. Mercator
stere	Stereographic
sterea	Oblique Stereographic Alternative
gstmerc	Gauss-Schreiber Transverse Mercator (aka Gauss-Laborde Reunion)
tcc	Transverse Central Cylindrical
tcea	Transverse Cylindrical Equal Area
times	Times
tissot	Tissot
* tmerc	Transverse Mercator 横向墨卡托
tobmerc	Tobler-Mercator
tpeqd	Two Point Equidistant
tpers	Tilted perspective
unitconvert	Unit conversion
ups	Universal Polar Stereographic
urm5	Urmaev V
urmfps	Urmaev Flat-Polar Sinusoidal
utm	Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
vandg	van der Grinten (I)
vandg2	van der Grinten II
vandg3	van der Grinten III
vandg4	van der Grinten IV
vitk1	Vitkovsky I
vgridshift	Vertical grid shift
wag1	Wagner I (Kavraisky VI)
wag2	Wagner II
wag3	Wagner III
wag4	Wagner IV
wag5	Wagner V
wag6	Wagner VI
wag7	Wagner VII
webmerc	Web Mercator / Pseudo Mercator
weren	Werenskiold I
wink1	Winkel I
wink2	Winkel II
wintri	Winkel Tripel

5、+units 、+vunits 单位

Value	to_meter	Description
km	1000	Kilometer
m	1	Meter
dm	1/10	Decimeter
cm	1/100	Centimeter
mm	1/1000	Millimeter
kmi	1852	International Nautical Mile
in	0.0254	International Inch
ft	0.3048	International Foot
yd	0.9144	International Yard
mi	1609.344	International Statute Mile
fath	1.8288	International Fathom
ch	20.1168	International Chain
link	0.201168	International Link
us-in	1/39.37	U.S. Surveyor’s Inch
us-ft	0.304800609601219	U.S. Surveyor’s Foot
us-yd	0.914401828803658	U.S. Surveyor’s Yard
us-ch	20.11684023368047	U.S. Surveyor’s Chain
us-mi	1609.347218694437	U.S. Surveyor’s Statute Mile
ind-yd	0.91439523	Indian Yard
ind-ft	0.30479841	Indian Foot
ind-ch	20.11669506	Indian Chain

6、+x_0 、+y_0 偏移量

在高斯-克吕格投影中：规定中央经线为X轴，赤道为Y轴，中央经线与赤道交点为坐标原点，x值在北半球为正，南半球为负，y值在中央经线以东为正，中央经线以西为负。由于我国疆域均在北半球，x值均为正值，为了避免y值出现负值，规定各投影带的坐标纵轴均西移500km，中央经线上原横坐标值由0变为500km。由于某一个投影带的坐标都是对本带坐标原点的相对值，所以各带的坐标完全相同，为了区分某一坐标系统属于哪一带，在横轴坐标前加上带好。
例：CGCS2000 / Gauss-Kruger zone 13 EPSG:4491

"+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=75 +k=1 +x_0=13500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs"

+x_0=13500000 表示： 13带，偏移500 000m
+y_0=0

二、常用的坐标系定义 （可http://epsg.io/进行搜索）

1、WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator EPSG:3857

"+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 +x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext  +no_defs"

2、WGS84 - World Geodetic System 1984 EPSG:4326

"+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs"

3、China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 EPSG:4490

"+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +no_defs"

4、CGCS2000 / 高斯-克吕格 6°带

// GCS2000 / Gauss-Kruger zone 13  EPSG:4491
"+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=75 +k=1 +x_0=13500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs"

// GCS2000 / Gauss-Kruger zone 14  EPSG:4492
"+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=81 +k=1 +x_0=14500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs "

// GCS2000 / Gauss-Kruger zone 15  EPSG:4493
"+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=87 +k=1 +x_0=15500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs "

// 依次下去  +lon_0 += 6  +x_0=${带号}500000