互联网框架五层模型详解

注：机翻，未校对。

互联网框架五层模型

What is the Five Layers Model? The Framework of the Internet Explained

Computer Networks are a beautiful, amazing topic. Networks involve so much knowledge from different fields, from physics to algorithms.
计算机网络是一个美丽而神奇的话题。网络涉及来自不同领域的大量知识，从物理学到算法。

When dealing with Computer Networks, there is one framework that puts everything into place – and that is the layers model.
在处理计算机网络时，有一个框架可以将所有内容都放在适当的位置，这就是层模型。

In this post you’ll learn why we need layers, as well as what the five layers model is. You will also understand the role of each layer in this model.
在这篇文章中，您将了解为什么我们需要层，以及什么是五层模型。您还将了解此模型中每个图层的作用。

层

Layers

Imagine you are given the task to design and implement the Internet! Where do you start? What do we actually want from a network, and an important one such as the Internet?
想象一下，你的任务是设计和实现互联网！你从哪里开始？我们实际上想从网络中得到什么，以及像互联网这样的重要网络？

Well, we actually want quite a lot of things. To name a few:
好吧，我们实际上想要很多东西。仅举几例：

• We want it to be fast – that is, allow fast communication. We don’t want to wait long for a message to get from one host to another.
  我们希望它快速 - 也就是说，允许快速通信。我们不想等待很长时间才能将消息从一台主机发送到另一台主机。

• It should also be reliable – when sending a message, we want the receiver to actually receive it.
  它也应该是可靠的——在发送消息时，我们希望接收者能够实际接收它。

• The network should be extendable – that is, allow more devices to join. We wouldn’t want to start with two computers, and then not bee able to add a third one.
  网络应该是可扩展的，也就是说，允许更多的设备加入。我们不想从两台计算机开始，然后无法添加第三台计算机。

• The network should support different devices and connections – it should be able to connect a wired PC, wireless laptop, and a cellphone, for example.-
  网络应该支持不同的设备和连接——例如，它应该能够连接有线 PC、无线笔记本电脑和手机。

And this is just a partial list.
这只是一个部分列表。

So, how do we go about implementing the internet when we want to achieve so many different things?
那么，当我们想要实现这么多不同的事情时，我们如何去实施互联网呢？

Computer Networks are complex
计算机网络是复杂的

In order to simplify things and make networks flexible, the communication is divided into layers.
为了简化事情并使网络灵活，通信被划分为几层。

Each layer has its own responsibility. It provides services to an upper layer, and uses services provided by a lower layer.
每一层都有自己的责任。它向上层提供服务，并使用下层提供的服务。

Consider an example network consisting of three devices:
考虑一个由三个设备组成的示例网络：

An example network with three devices
一个包含三台设备的示例网络

We have two layers:
我们有两个层次：

Layer Alpha is responsible for transmitting data between hosts that are directly connected to each other. In the diagram above, it’s between hosts A and B, or between hosts B and C.
Layer Alpha 负责在彼此直接连接的主机之间传输数据。在上图中，它位于主机 A 和 B 之间，或主机 B 和 C 之间。

Layer Beta is responsible for transmitting data between distant hosts. In the diagram, it’s between hosts A and C.
Layer Beta 负责在远程主机之间传输数据。在图中，它位于主机 A 和 C 之间。

What did we gain from this division? We gained a lot of flexibility.
我们从这次分层中得到了什么？我们获得了很大的灵活性。

Each layer can be developed and implemented by different people. The upper layer doesn’t care about the implementation of the lower layer, and vice versa.
每一层都可以由不同的人开发和实现。上层不关心下层的实现，反之亦然。

For instance, the connection between hosts A and B could be a WiFi connection, while the connection between B and C could consist of a carrier pigeon. These are (completely) different implementations of Layer Alpha.
例如，主机 A 和 B 之间的连接可以是 WiFi 连接，而 B 和 C 之间的连接可以由信鸽组成。这些是 Layer Alpha 的（完全）不同实现。

Notice that this way also enables us to have different specializations and expertise – an expert in training carrier pigeons does not necessarily have to be qualified at building solid WiFi network cards, or vice versa.
请注意，这种方式还使我们能够拥有不同的专业化和专业知识 —— 一个擅长训练信鸽的专家不一定需要在构建稳固的 WiFi 网卡上具备资质，反之亦然。

“Carrier pigeon” ，信鸽。在这里是一种比喻，用来