Cisco NBMA 工作原理、优点和用例及配置基于 NBMA 的 OSPF

注：机翻，未校对。

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Networking protocols use broadcast or not broadcast based communication to establish communication between devices in a network. Broadcast networks such as Ethernet use a broadcast mechanism where data packet is sent to the entire network but imagine a very large network where all devices are broadcasting how much chaos it will create? Or in the case of WAN where there are limitations on bandwidth or infrastructure.
网络协议使用基于广播或非广播的通信来建立网络中设备之间的通信。以太网等广播网络使用广播机制，将数据包发送到整个网络，但想象一下一个非常大的网络，所有设备都在广播，它会产生多少混乱？或者，在带宽或基础设施存在限制的 WAN 中。

Today we look more in detail about a non-broadcast type communication mechanism (NBMA), understand its working, advantages and use cases.
今天，我们更详细地了解了非广播型通信机制（NBMA），了解其工作原理、优点和用例。

What is Non-Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA)

什么是非广播多址接入 （NBMA）

Non-broadcast multiple access (NBMA), unlike its broadcast counterparts, works on a point-to-point communication model, where every device establishes a direct connection with every other device it needs to communicate to. Creating a virtual circuit or a logical link between devices requires communication with each other. This kind of device communication is usually referred to as nodes.
非广播多址接入 （NBMA） 与其广播对应物不同，它采用点对点通信模型，其中每个设备都与需要通信的每个其他设备建立直接连接。在设备之间创建虚拟电路或逻辑链接需要彼此通信。这种设备通信通常称为节点。

NBMA does not have the broadcast capabilities, so instead of broadcasting messages it relies on unicast and multicast communication modes. Unicast is one to one communication and multicast is one to many or many to one communication. NBMA uses several protocols to achieve this kind of communication in networks such as Network Control Protocol (NCP) to handle negotiation and communication parameters of each virtual circuit, Routing Information protocol (RIP) to enable exchange of routing information between routers.
NBMA 不具备广播功能，因此它依赖于单播和多播通信模式，而不是广播消息。单播是一对一通信，多播是一对多或多对一通信。NBMA 使用多种协议在网络中实现这种通信，例如网络控制协议（NCP）来处理每个虚拟电路的协商和通信参数，路由信息协议（RIP）来启用路由器之间的路由信息交换。

NBMA networks use Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs) to address nodes and establish connections. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is used for circuit switching and packet switching for efficient routing of packets across networks.
NBMA 网络使用数据链路连接标识符 （DLCI） 对节点进行寻址并建立连接。多协议标签交换 （MPLS） 用于电路交换和数据包交换，以实现跨网络的数据包高效路由。

How does Non-Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA) work?

非广播多址接入 （NBMA） 如何工作？

Not all multiaccess technologies support broadcast-based transmissions. Frame relay and ATM are two most common examples of non-broadcast networks which require permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) to be configured between devices as depicted in figure below.
并非所有多址技术都支持基于广播的传输。帧中继和 ATM 是非广播网络的两个最常见的例子，它们需要在设备之间配置永久虚电路（PVC），如下图所示。

In above figure, R1 needs to transmit an individual packet to every device it needs to reach. The router needs to kno