注：机翻，未校对。
Forgotten heroes of the Enigma story
Enigma 故事中被遗忘的英雄
By Joanne Baker, 03 September 2018
Polish codebreakers paved the way for Alan Turing to decrypt German messages in the Second World War.
波兰的密码破译人员为艾伦・图灵在第二次世界大战中破译德国的信息铺平了道路。
Polish cryptographers working in exile in southern France pose for a photo in 1941. The team included Maksymilian Ciężki (seventh from left) and Gwido Langer (centre back, head just seen), who worked with French intelligence officer Gustave Bertrand (tenth from right). Credit: Anna Zygalska-Cannon
1941 年，在法国南部流亡的波兰密码学家合影留念。该小组包括 Maksymilian Ciężki（左七）和 Gwido Langer（中后卫，刚刚看到头），他们与法国情报官员 Gustave Bertrand（右十）一起工作。图片来源：Anna Zygalska-Cannon
X, Y & Z: The Real Story of How Enigma Was Broken Dermot Turing The History Press (2018)
X，Y 和 Z：Enigma 如何被打破的真实故事，Dermot Turing，历史出版社（2018）
Alan Turing’s crucial unscrambling of German messages in the Second World War was a tour de force of codebreaking. From 1940 onwards, Turing and his team engineered hundreds of electronic machines, dubbed bombes, which decrypted the thousands of missives sent by enemy commanders each day to guide their soldiers. This deluge of knowledge shortened the war. Bletchley Park, UK — the secret centre where it all happened — rightly gained its place in history. But as with all breakthroughs, many more people laid the foundations.
艾伦・图灵（Alan Turing）在第二次世界大战中对德国信息的关键解密是密码破译的巡回演出。从 1940 年开始，图灵和他的团队设计了数百个被称为炸弹的电子机器，这些机器可以解密敌方指挥官每天发送的数千封邮件，以指导他们的士兵。这种知识的洪流缩短了战争。英国布莱切利公园（Bletchley Park）—— 这一切发生的秘密中心 —— 理所当然地在历史上占有一席之地。但与所有突破一样，更多的人奠定了基础。
In his book X, Y & Z, Dermot Turing, the great mathematician’s nephew, tells the gripping story of a band of Polish mathematicians who figured out much about how German Enigma encoding machines operated, years before Alan Turing did. The Poles shared their secrets with French and British intelligence services before and during the Second World War — the letters X, Y and Z were shorthand for the French, British and Polish codebreaking teams, respectively.
在他的著作《X， Y&Z》中，这位伟大数学家的侄子德莫特・图灵（Dermot Turing）讲述了一群波兰数学家的扣人心弦的故事，他们比艾伦・图灵（Alan Turing）早了几年，就对德国 Enigma 编码机的运作方式有了更深入的了解。波兰人在第二次世界大战之前和期间与法国和英国情报部门分享了他们的秘密 —— 字母 X、Y 和 Z 分别是法国、英国和波兰密码破译小组的简写。
The author’s research is painstaking. After the war, military documents were scattered across Europe, and key French records were declassified only in 2016. Many original Polish papers were destroyed, but the mathematicians’ families have shared personal letters. Turing unearths a remarkable tale of intellect, bravery and camaraderie that reads like a nail-biting spy novel.
作者的研究是煞费苦心的。战后，军事文件散布在欧洲各地，法国的关键记录直到 2016 年才被解密。许多波兰原始论文被销毁，但数学家的家人分享了私人信件。图灵发现了一个关于智慧、勇敢和友情的非凡故事，读起来就像一本扣人心弦的间谍小说。
Polish skills in cryptography and radio engineering came together during the 1920 Russo-Polish War. Signallers decoded a telegram from Red Army military commander Joseph Stalin, which indicated that an attack on Warsaw was imminent. Jamming the Russians’ radio communications bought enough time to secure and save the city. Maksymilian Ciężki and Antoni Palluth were among those signallers. After the 1920 conflict, Ciężki became leader of a radio-intelligence unit. Palluth set up a business making electronic equipment, including radios the size of a credit card for Polish secret agents.
在 1920 年俄波战争期间，波兰在密码学和无线电工程方面的技能汇集在一起。 信号员破译了红军军事指挥官约瑟夫・斯大林的电报，该电报表明对华沙的袭击迫在眉睫。干扰俄罗斯人的无线电通信为保护和拯救这座城市赢得了足够的时间。Maksymilian Ciężki 和 Antoni Palluth 就是这些信号员之一。1920 年冲突后，Ciężki 成为无线电情报部门的领导人。帕尔卢斯（Palluth）成立了一家生产电子设备的公司，包括为波兰特工提供信用卡大小的收音机。
Polish codebreakers Antoni Palluth (left) and his cousin Sylwester stand in front of a chart of North African military operations in 1942, when they were working with French intelligence officer Gustave Bertrand in southern France.Credit: Anna Zygalska-Cannon
波兰密码破译者安东尼・帕卢斯（Antoni Palluth）（左）和他的堂兄西尔韦斯特（Sylwester）站在 1942 年北非军事行动的图表前，当时他们正在法国南部与法国情报官员古斯塔夫・贝特朗（Gustave Bertrand）合作。
In 1926, the German navy began to send messages that were scrambled in a more random way, making them almost impossible to decipher. They were encoded using the typewriter-like Enigma machine. The keyboard was wired so that typing one letter lit up a different one in a set of bulbs on top. Rotors altered the path of the electric circuit with every keystroke. The machines were commercially available but modified for German military use. Without knowing the precise setting of a machine, there was no way to unpick the code.
1926 年，德国海军开始发送以更随机的方式打乱的信息，使它们几乎无法破译。它们是使用类似打字机的 Enigma 机器进行编码的。键盘是有线的，因此输入一个字母会点亮顶部一组灯泡中的另一个字母。转子在每次击键时都会改变电路的路径。这些机器在市场上可以买到，但为德国军事用途进行了修改。如果不知道机器的精确设置，就无法取消代码。
The book tells how Ciężki hired a group of mathematics students to crack the problem. They worked quietly in basements and in a bunker deep in the woods. Marian Rejewski, an alumnus of Poznań University in Poland, was one. At the helm was Gwido Langer, a Pole who had worked in radio intelligence for the Austrian army.
这本书讲述了 Ciężki 如何雇佣一群数学学生来解决这个问题。他们在地下室和树林深处的地堡里安静地工作。波兰波兹南大学的校友玛丽安・雷耶夫斯基（Marian Rejewski）就是其中之一。掌舵者是波兰人格维多・兰格（Gwido Langer），他曾在奥地利军队从事无线电情报工作。
Meanwhile, in France, Gustave Bertrand headed the equivalent unit. The French had a more conventional approach to gathering information: good agents, clandestine meetings and generous pay-offs. Bertrand managed two formidable spies. Rudolf Stallmann — code name Rex — was a German card-sharp who had posed as a baron to fleece casino-goers; he picked up languages and people with ease. Rex recruited Hans-Thilo Schmidt, or Agent Asche, whose brother was a colonel in the German army. Schmidt supplied cases of military documents to the French, which Rex received and Bertrand and his colleagues photographed in hotel bathrooms.
与此同时，在法国，古斯塔夫・贝特朗（Gustave Bertrand）领导了同等单位。法国人有一种更传统的收集信息的方法：好的代理人、秘密的会议和慷慨的报酬。伯特兰管理着两个强大的间谍。鲁道夫・斯托曼（Rudolf Stallmann）—— 代号雷克斯（Rex）—— 是一名德国纸牌利器，曾冒充男爵骗取赌场顾客的羊毛；他很容易学会语言和人。雷克斯招募了汉斯 - 蒂洛・施密特（Hans-Thilo Schmidt）或特工阿什（Asche），他的兄弟是德国军队的上校。施密特向法国人提供了一箱箱军事文件，雷克斯收到了这些文件，伯特兰和他的同事在酒店浴室里拍照。
Bertrand built up a network for sharing intelligence, including with Poland and the United Kingdom. In 1931, he agreed to supply Langer with German military documents if the Poles would pass back decrypted German messages. One of those documents, passed on by Schmidt, was a manual for Enigma.
伯特兰建立了一个共享情报的网络，包括与波兰和英国的情报共享网络。1931 年，他同意向兰格提供德国军事文件，如果波兰人愿意传回解密的德国信息。其中一份文件是由施密特传来的，是 Enigma 的手册。
Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski relaxes in the French chateau where the codebreakers were working to crack the Enigma machine codes in 1942. Credit: Anna Zygalska-Cannon
1942 年，波兰数学家玛丽安・雷耶夫斯基（Marian Rejewski）在法国城堡里放松，密码破译者正在努力破解 Enigma 机器密码。图片来源：Anna Zygalska-Cannon
Langer, Ciężki and Rejewski leapt on it. They discovered that a panel added to the front of the machine altered the settings, although they still could not tell how the device was wired. They set about collecting coded messages and applied their wits to find clues. Sometimes the senders made telling mistakes. The German soldiers might use simple sets of three letters, such as QQQ, to broadcast the settings to the receiver. Occasionally, the messages could be guessed: for instance, they often said maschine defekt.
Langer、Ciężki 和 Rejewski 跳上了它。他们发现，在机器前部添加的面板改变了设置，尽管他们仍然无法分辨设备的接线方式。他们开始收集编码信息，并运用他们的智慧来寻找线索。有时，发件人会犯明显的错误。德国士兵可能会使用简单的三个字母集（例如 QQQ）将设置广播到接收器。有时，这些信息可以被猜到：例如，他们经常说 maschine defekt。
By 1936, in the run-up to war, the German military was tightening its communications. In October that year, the senders began to reset the Enigma machines daily. Dermot Turing credits another Polish mathematician, Jerzy Różycki, with realizing that this altered the frequency of letters, revealing extra information. The team developed tools to work through the hundreds of permutations, including punched cards and a mechanical device with rotors that mimicked Enigma, which, for uncertain reasons, the team called a bomba. Both concepts were later used and developed by Alan Turing.
到 1936 年，在战争准备期间，德国军方正在加强通信。同年 10 月，寄件人开始每天重置 Enigma 机器。德莫特・图灵（Dermot Turing）认为另一位波兰数学家耶日・罗日茨基（Jerzy Różycki）意识到这改变了字母的频率，揭示了额外的信息。该团队开发了工具来处理数百种排列，包括穿孔卡片和带有模仿 Enigma 的转子的机械装置，由于不确定的原因，该团队称之为炸弹。这两个概念后来都被艾伦・图灵（Alan Turing）使用和发展。
Bertrand fed this information back to Britain’s codebreakers, who come across in the book as humorous but aloof. They called the French dispatches — stamped TRÈS SECRET in red — scarlet pimpernels. In late July 1939, just over a month before the German army marched into Poland, Bertrand arranged for the respected British cryptologist Dillwyn ‘Dilly’ Knox (who was already working on Enigma at Bletchley) to meet Langer’s team near Warsaw. The Poles wanted to pass on their knowledge. Initially angry that they had beaten him to it, Knox later sent the Poles a silk scarf printed with a horse-racing scene to concede that they had won.
伯特兰将这些信息反馈给英国的密码破译者，他们在书中给人的印象是幽默但冷漠的。他们称法国派遣 - 用红色盖章 TRÈS SECRET - 猩红色的 pimpernels。1939 年 7 月下旬，就在德军进军波兰前一个多月，伯特兰安排了受人尊敬的英国密码学家迪尔温・迪利・诺克斯（Dillwyn ‘Dilly’ Knox，当时他已经在布莱切利研究《谜》）在华沙附近会见了兰格的团队。波兰人想传授他们的知识。诺克斯最初对他们打败他感到愤怒，后来给波兰人送了一条印有赛马场景的丝巾，以承认他们赢了。
Rudolf Stallmann — code name Rex — was a German card-sharp who spied for the French intelligence service. Credit: Christie Books
鲁道夫・斯托曼（Rudolf Stallmann）—— 代号雷克斯（Rex）—— 是一名德国卡牌敏锐者，为法国情报部门从事间谍活动。图片来源：Christie Books
The British immediately ramped up codebreaking efforts at Bletchley Park; within a few months, Alan Turing had re-engineered the bombes to work more quickly. The Polish insights saved him a year of work.
英国人立即加大了在布莱切利公园的密码破译工作；几个月后，艾伦・图灵（Alan Turing）重新设计了炸弹，使其更快地起作用。波兰的洞察力为他节省了一年的工作。
When war broke out, the Polish radio-intelligence unit was wound up. The codebreakers buried their notes and machines and fled. Some ended up in Algeria, the rest in France working for Bertrand, who had set up a radio-intelligence group in a chateau in southern France. In breathtaking passages, the book reveals how most of the Polish codebreakers made it through the war, tapping into the French Resistance and dodging Germany’s military-intelligence services and secret police when France became occupied. As valuable assets, the codebreakers were not allowed to fight. Touching photographs in the book show them joking with each other and spending time with girlfriends amid the devastation.
战争爆发时，波兰无线电情报部门被解散。密码破译者埋下了他们的笔记和机器，然后逃跑了。一些人最终去了阿尔及利亚，其余的人在法国为 Bertrand 工作，Bertrand 在法国南部的一座城堡里建立了一个无线电情报小组。在令人叹为观止的段落中，这本书揭示了大多数波兰密码破译者是如何在战争中幸存下来的，当法国被占领时，他们利用法国抵抗运动并躲避德国的军事情报部门和秘密警察。作为宝贵的资产，密码破译者不被允许战斗。书中感人的照片显示，他们在灾难中互相开玩笑，并与女朋友共度时光。
Eventually, Ciężki and Langer were arrested and interned in the Sudetenland (now part of the Czech Republic). After the war, they settled in Scotland. Palluth was killed in Germany in 1945, when an aeroplane factory in which he was working at Sachsenhausen concentration camp was bombed. Bertrand artfully played all sides. Avoiding becoming a double agent, he ended up a general. In 1972, he wrote a popular French book about Enigma, and so the story of X, Y and Z and Bletchley began to seep out.
最终，Ciężki 和 Langer 被捕并被关押在苏台德地区（现为捷克共和国的一部分）。战后，他们定居在苏格兰。1945 年，帕卢斯在德国遇害，当时他在萨克森豪森集中营工作的一家飞机工厂遭到轰炸。伯特兰巧妙地扮演了各方角色。为了避免成为双重间谍，他最终成为了一名将军。1972 年，他写了一本关于 Enigma 的畅销书，于是 X、Y、Z 和布莱切利的故事开始渗出。
Dermot Turing’s vivid and moving account sets the record straight.
德莫特・图灵（Dermot Turing）生动而感人的叙述澄清了事实。
Nature 561, 307-308 (2018)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-06149-y
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Forgotten heroes of the Enigma story
破解不可破解的密码：艾伦·图灵和他的团队是如何破译 Enigma 密码的？
Cracking The Uncrackable: How Did Alan Turing And His Team Crack The Enigma Code?
Written by AshishLast Updated On: 15 Jan 2024 Published On: 27 Dec 2015
Alan Turing led a team of mathematicians, cryptographers and codebreakers alongside his colleague Gordon Welchman to break the Enigma code during the second world war.
艾伦・图灵（Alan Turing）与他的同事戈登・韦尔奇曼（Gordon Welchman）一起领导了一个由数学家、密码学家和密码破译者组成的团队，在第二次世界大战期间破解了 Enigma 密码。
At times when you are completely at the end of your wits, a tiny clue often appears, something so conspicuous that it can easily escape the attention of everyone. The key to success is identifying the clue that “changes everything” and use it to your advantage.
有时，当你完全处于智慧的尽头时，往往会出现一个微小的线索，一些如此显眼的东西，很容易逃脱所有人的注意。成功的关键是找出 “改变一切” 的线索，并利用它来发挥自己的优势。
Bletchley Park, London (Image Credit: standardissuemagazine.com)
This is precisely what happened during World War II in a place called Bletchley Park in Great Britain, where a team of scientists, mathematicians and cryptographers were attempting to break the Enigma Code.
这正是二战期间在英国一个叫布莱切利公园的地方发生的情况，一个由科学家、数学家和密码学家组成的团队正试图破解恩尼格玛密码。
What Is The Enigma Code? 什么是 Enigma Code？
The Enigma Code is a cipher created by a machine known as the Enigma Machine. During World War II, the Enigma Machine was an essential communication tool for the Nazi forces. It was used to encrypt top-secret messages, which were then transmitted over long distances to the German military troops at the front using Morse code.
Enigma Code 是由称为 Enigma Machine 的机器创建的密码。在第二次世界大战期间，Enigma Machine 是纳粹军队必不可少的通信工具。它被用来加密绝密信息，然后使用摩尔斯电码将这些信息长距离传输到前线的德国军队。
In order to understand how to crack the Enigma Code, one must comprehensively understand how the Enigma machine worked. You can read about its important components and function in this article: how did the Enigma machine work?
为了了解如何破解 Enigma 密码，必须全面了解 Enigma 机器的工作原理。您可以在本文中了解其重要组件和功能：Enigma 机器是如何工作的？
What’s So Special About The Enigma Code? Enigma Code 有什么特别之处？
The quality of any code is measured in terms of the number of possibilities one has to go through to arrive at the correct answer (this is one quantifiable entity, which is why we’ll only consider this).
任何代码的质量都是根据一个人为了得到正确答案而必须经历的可能性数量来衡量的（这是一个可量化的实体，这就是为什么我们只考虑这一点）。
The Enigma Machine (Photo Credit: Everett Historical/Shutterstock)
The Enigma Machine was notoriously difficult to crack because it required several settings to be precisely aligned. In fact, there were more than 15 million million million possible combinations to decipher, making it seem virtually impossible to break.
Enigma Machine 是出了名的难以破解，因为它需要多个设置才能精确对齐。事实上，有超过 1500 万种可能的组合需要破译，这使得它看起来几乎不可能被破解。
Written by AshishLast Updated On: 19 Oct 2023 Published On: 26 Dec 2015
The Enigma Machine was developed back in the 1920s. It was meant to be a cipher device that would help in the transmission and reception of classified messages. However, due to its brilliant ingenuity, it was used extensively during the second World War by German armed forces.
Enigma Machine 是在 1920 年代开发的。它旨在成为一种密码设备，有助于传输和接收机密消息。然而，由于其出色的独创性，它在第二次世界大战期间被德国武装部队广泛使用。
It is often remarked that wits win you a war, rather than numbers. Time and again it has been proven throughout history. There have been many such examples when, despite being on the defense for a long time, a sudden breakthrough with the help of sheer intelligence helps to turn the tables. This is precisely what happened during World War II when Allied forces cracked the Enigma code used by Germans in their radio communication. This not only helped lead to an Allied victory, but also proved how the pure intelligence of a small group of people can save millions of lives.
人们常说，智慧会赢得一场战争，而不是数字。它在历史上一次又一次地得到证明。有很多这样的例子，尽管长时间处于防守状态，但在纯粹的智慧的帮助下突然取得突破有助于扭转局面。这正是二战期间发生的情况，当时盟军破解了德国人在无线电通信中使用的 Enigma 密码。这不仅帮助导致了盟军的胜利，而且还证明了一小群人的纯粹智慧如何可以挽救数百万人的生命。
So what was this Enigma code, and what made it so powerful that breaking it caused the collapse of the German forces?
那么这个 Enigma 密码是什么，是什么让它如此强大，以至于打破它导致了德国军队的崩溃？
The Enigma Machine Enigma 机器
The Enigma Machine (Credit: Everett Historical/Shutterstock)
The Enigma Machine was a cipher machine that was developed back in the 1920s. It was meant to be a cipher device that would help in the transmission and reception of classified messages in the political and business domain. However, due to its brilliant ingenuity, it was used extensively during the second World War by German armed forces in their military operations.
Enigma Machine 是一种密码机，于 1920 年代开发。它旨在成为一种密码设备，有助于在政治和商业领域传输和接收机密信息。然而，由于其出色的独创性，它在第二次世界大战期间被德国武装部队在军事行动中广泛使用。
What Did The Enigma Machine Do? Enigma 机器做了什么？
Essentially, the Enigma Machine did the same work as any other cipher machine; it facilitated the encryption of classified communication. In other words, it coded and decoded messages that were then transmitted over thousands of miles. Although the machine was originally meant to be used to transmit confidential business-related information, but in the late 1930s, its unmatched potential as a transmission device in the theater of warfare was realized.
从本质上讲，Enigma Machine 与任何其他密码机都做了相同的工作；它促进了机密通信的加密。换句话说，它对消息进行编码和解码，然后传递到数千英里之外。尽管该机器最初用于传输与业务相关的机密信息，但在 1930 年代后期，它作为战区传输设备的无与伦比的潜力得到了实现。
How Did The Enigma Machine Work? Enigma 机器是如何工作的？
Image Source: enigma.louisedade.co.uk
As mentioned earlier, the Enigma Machine is an electromechanical device, which works through mechanical parts as an electric current passes through it.
如前所述，Enigma Machine 是一种机电设备，当电流通过它时，它会穿过机械部件。
The machine consists of four main components: keyboard, plugboard, lampboard and rotors. When you press a key on the keyboard (L, for example), an electric signal is generated, which subsequently moves through all of these components to encrypt an alphabet.
该机器由四个主要部件组成：键盘、插线板、灯板和转子。当您按下键盘上的一个键（例如 L）时，会生成一个电信号，该信号随后会穿过所有这些组件以加密字母表。
The first stopping point of the electric signal (generated from the ‘L’) is the plugboard. Some of the letters on the plugboard might be connected to another letter (let’s say M). Now, the signal is diverted through ‘M’. The next stop is the static rotor, which doesn’t do anything to the signal, but it does turn the wires into contacts, since the signal can only pass when the contacts touch. The output of the static rotor acts as the input to the moving rotors. This is where most of the scrambling takes place.
电信号（由 “L” 产生）的第一个停止点是插线板。插线板上的一些字母可能连接到另一个字母（假设为 M）。现在，信号通过 “M” 转移。下一站是静态转子，它不会对信号产生任何影响，但它确实将电线变成触点，因为信号只有在触点接触时才能通过。静态转子的输出充当移动转子的输入。这是大多数争夺发生的地方。
The Puzzling Rotors (Scramblers) 令人费解的转子（扰频器）
There are three rotors; fast (right), middle and slow (left). All of these rotors have a gauge that displays numbers from 1 to 26. The electric signal first passes through the fast rotor, then through the middle rotor, and finally comes out through the last (the slowest rotor). Therefore, when the letter ‘L’ is pressed, the fast rotor rotates one notch, changing the number in the gauge next to it. After one revolution of the fast rotor is complete, it triggers one notch rotation of the middle rotor.
有三个转子；快（右）、中速和慢速（左）。所有这些转子都有一个仪表，显示从 1 到 26 的数字。电信号首先通过快速转子，然后通过中间转子，最后通过最后一个（最慢的转子）出来。因此，当按下字母 “L” 时，快速转子会旋转一个档次，从而改变旁边仪表中的数字。快速转子旋转一圈后，触发中间转子的一个缺口旋转。
A good analogy for the Enigma Machine, is the hands of a clock; the fast rotor is the second hand, the middle one is the minute hand, and the slow rotor is the hour hand. When 60 moves of the second hand are complete, the minute hand moves one notch; similarly when 60 moves of the minute hand are complete, the hour hand moves one notch.
Enigma Machine 的一个很好的类比是时钟的指针；快速摆陀是秒针，中间的摆陀是分针，慢速摆陀是时针。当秒针完成 60 次移动时，分针移动一个档次；同样，当分针移动 60 次时，时针会移动一个档次。
Image Source: Independent.co.uk
We’re Not Done Yet! 我们还没有完成！
After the signal comes out as an output from the slow rotor (left rotor), it goes through the reflector. It takes a letter as an input and reflects a different letter as an output. This output traces the same journey backwards through the machine, until it ends in the lampboard, where it lights up a light bulb under one of the 26 letters. Therefore, after going through the entire circuit, if the letter ‘L’ is encrypted as ‘A’, then the light beneath the ‘A’ is lit.
信号作为慢速转子（左转子）的输出出来后，它通过反射器。它接受一个字母作为输入，并反映一个不同的字母作为输出。该输出通过机器向后追溯相同的旅程，直到它在灯板上结束，在那里它点亮了 26 个字母之一下的灯泡。因此，在通过整个电路之后，如果字母 “L” 被加密为 “A”，那么 “A” 下面的灯就会亮起。
Why Was The Enigma Code Called ‘Uncrackable’? 为什么 Enigma 代码被称为 “不可破解”？
After reading through how the Enigma Machine worked, you can probably guess how difficult it was to crack the codes that came out of it. If you couldn’t gauge its complexity, then let me help you out.
在阅读了 Enigma Machine 的工作原理之后，您可能可以猜到破解其中的代码有多么困难。如果你无法衡量它的复杂性，那么让我来帮助你。
For a single encoded message, there are a total of 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 possible settings (in other words, it’s almost 159 million million million settings) of the Enigma Machine, only one of which is correct! It also means that you have to work through these many settings to find the one correct setting. I think locating a needle in a haystack would be a cakewalk compared with this.
对于单个编码消息，Enigma Machine 总共有 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 个可能的设置（换句话说，几乎是 1.59 亿个设置），其中只有一个是正确的！这也意味着您必须完成这些设置才能找到一个正确的设置。我认为与此相比，大海捞针是小菜一碟。
For a normal human being working without the aid of machines, it would take hundreds of years to go through all these possible settings, and there would still be no guarantee of success. Obviously, you could not possibly take that much time to decode a message in the theater of war, given the fact that the Nazi Army changed the settings of the machine as the clock struck 12 each day at midnight. All you had to work with was a meager 24 hours to go through trillions of millions of possible settings to decode a single message!
对于一个没有机器帮助工作的普通人来说，需要数百年的时间才能经历所有这些可能的设置，而且仍然不能保证成功。显然，你不可能花那么多时间来解码战区的信息，因为纳粹军队在每天午夜敲响 12 点钟时改变了机器的设置。您所需要做的只是微不足道的 24 小时，通过数万亿种可能的设置来解码一条消息！
Did They Ever Crack The Enigma Code? 他们有没有破解过谜语密码？
Indeed they did! 他们确实做到了！
A coterie of intelligent people from a wide range of fields, led by a mathematician named Alan Turing, actually found a flaw in the code and cracked it open!
在一位名叫艾伦・图灵（Alan Turing）的数学家的领导下，一群来自各个领域的聪明人实际上发现了代码中的一个缺陷并将其破解！
What was the flaw in the code? Can you figure it out?
代码中的缺陷是什么？你能弄清楚吗？
You may try if you want, but if you can’t find the flaw, don’t worry; we’ve got you covered. Here’s the second part of this article: How Did Alan Turing and His Team Crack The Enigma Code? In this article, we discuss how they spotted that critical flaw in the Enigma Code that caused the fall of the Nazi Army and brought the war to a swifter-than-imagined end.
如果你愿意，你可以尝试，但如果你找不到缺陷，不要担心；我们已经为您准备好了。本文的第二部分：图灵和他的团队是如何破解谜团密码的？我们将讨论他们如何发现恩尼格玛密码中的严重缺陷，该缺陷导致了纳粹军队的垮台，并使战争以比想象中更快的速度结束。
How Did Turing’s Team Crack The Enigma Code? 图灵的团队是如何破解谜码的？
During World War II, a team of scientists, mathematicians, and cryptographers worked to break the Enigma code, a cipher used by the Germans to protect their messages. A brilliant mathematician, Alan Turing led this team alongside his colleague Gordon Welchman. The team developed their version of the Bombe Machine, which the Poles invented initially, but the machine needed to be more efficient.
在第二次世界大战期间，一个由科学家、数学家和密码学家组成的团队致力于破解 Enigma 密码，这是德国人用来保护他们信息的密码。艾伦・图灵（Alan Turing）是一位才华横溢的数学家，与他的同事戈登・韦尔奇曼（Gordon Welchman）一起领导了这个团队。该团队开发了他们的 Bombe Machine 版本，该版本最初是波兰人发明的，但该机器需要更高效。
Alan Turing
Although Turing’s version of the Bombe Machine was more advanced than the Polish version, it still took an unacceptably long time to decipher any code, which was bad news for Britain and the other Allied nations. To address this issue, Turing had to develop a new idea enabling the Bombe Machine to crack the code much faster.
尽管图灵版的炸弹机比波兰版更先进，但破译任何密码仍然需要很长时间，这对英国和其他盟国来说是个坏消息。为了解决这个问题，图灵必须开发一个新想法，使炸弹机能够更快地破解代码。
The Bombe machine (Image Source: http://www.cryptomuseum.com)
One memorable day, Turing had an epiphany. He identified a weak spot in the Nazi encrypted messages – a chink in that ironclad armor.
一个难忘的日子，图灵顿悟了。他在纳粹加密信息中发现了一个弱点 —— 那件铁甲上的一个缺口。
This flaw was something that could finally help to decipher every single encrypted Enigma message!
这个漏洞最终可以帮助破译每一条加密的 Enigma 消息！
What Was The Flaw In The Enigma Code? Enigma Code 中的缺陷是什么？
Let’s try to understand this important flaw with an example.
让我们试着用一个例子来理解这个重要的缺陷。
Suppose you wanted to encrypt a message that contained a total of 3 words. The first word of the message was, let’s say, ‘SCIENCE’. Now, the first letter that you would want to encrypt is ‘S’, so when you press the ‘S’ key on the keyboard of the Enigma Machine, an electric signal was generated that traveled through a lot of wires and rotors and ultimately lit up a different letter (say, ‘M’). So the ‘S’ in ‘SCIENCE’ would be encrypted as ‘M’.
假设您要加密总共包含 3 个单词的消息。信息的第一个词是，比方说，“科学”。现在，你想要加密的第一个字母是 “S”，所以当你按下 Enigma Machine 键盘上的 “S” 键时，就会产生一个电信号，该信号穿过许多电线和转子，最终点亮了一个不同的字母（比如 “M”）。因此，“SCIENCE” 中的 “S” 将被加密为 “M”。
Similarly, the other words would be encrypted as different letters than they actually were. On one end of the Enigma Machine, you typed ‘SCIENCE IS AWESOME’, but the encrypted output might have looked something like ‘MKSQER PO QAPEKRQ’, or something entirely different.
同样，其他单词将被加密为与实际不同的字母。在 Enigma Machine 的一端，您输入了 “SCIENCE IS AWESOME”，但加密输出可能看起来像 “MKSQER PO QAPEKRQ”，或者完全不同。
Did You Notice Anything About The Above Encryption? 你有没有注意到上述加密的任何内容？
Every letter was encrypted as a letter that was different than itself. Never once did it happen that a letter was encrypted as itself.
每封信都被加密为一封与自身不同的信。从来没有发生过一封信本身被加密的情况。
Quite simply, when you type ‘S’, it could be encrypted as any one letter of A,B,C….X,Y,Z. Any letter out of the 26 letters could be the, but *not* S. Therefore, an ‘S’ would never be encrypted as an ‘S’. Now, read the encryption of ‘SCIENCE IS AWESOME’ again and see if that holds true.
很简单，当你输入 “S” 时，它可以被加密为 A，B，C…X，Y，Z 的任何一个字母。26 个字母中的任何字母都可以是 S，但不能是 S。因此，“S” 永远不会被加密为 “S”。现在，再次阅读 “科学真棒” 的加密，看看这是否成立。
This was the single flaw in the Enigma code.
这是 Enigma 代码中的唯一缺陷。
How Did This Flaw Help Crack The Enigma Code? 这个缺陷是如何帮助破解 Enigma 密码的？
Now that you know that a letter can be encrypted as any letter other than itself, the total number of possible settings decreased exponentially.
既然您知道字母可以作为其自身以外的任何字母进行加密，那么可能的设置总数呈指数级减少。
To aid this process, all Turing needed was a word (or a group of words) that he was positive the Germans would use in each of their Enigma-encrypted messages. What was that word, or rather, that phrase?
为了帮助这一过程，图灵所需要的只是一个词（或一组词），他肯定德国人会在他们的每条 Enigma 加密信息中使用这个词。那个词是什么，或者更确切地说，那个短语是什么？
‘Heil Hitler’ “希特勒万岁”
Germans put the phrase ‘Heil Hitler’ at the end of every encrypted message. This seemingly small mistake eventually contributed to their ultimate defeat.
德国人在每条加密信息的末尾都加上了 “希特勒万岁” 这句话。这个看似小小的错误，最终导致了他们最终的失败。
This is one of the many examples that proves that mathematics is not just a meaningless collection of numbers (which is what math-haters believe!). It’s something far greater… something that can save countless human lives.
这是证明数学不仅仅是毫无意义的数字集合的众多例子之一（这就是数学憎恨者所相信的！这是更伟大的东西… 可以挽救无数人生命的东西。
This historical event proves another vital thing; perseverance and belief in your ideas eventually leads to success, no matter how insurmountable the problem may initially appear.
这一历史事件证明了另一件至关重要的事情；坚持不懈和对自己想法的信念最终会导致成功，无论问题最初看起来多么难以克服。
Last Updated By: Ashish Tiwari
via:
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The Imitation Game: How Did The Enigma Machine Work?
https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/the-imitation-game-how-did-the-enigma-machine-work.html
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Who Cracked The Enigma Code & How was it Cracked?
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