嵌入式系统设计中的里程碑_design of an alternative hardware abstraction laye-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013669912/article/details/141761447

注：机翻，未校。

Chronological Evolution Of The Embedded Systems

Posted on May 8, 2020 by Anirban Sarkar

What Are Embedded Systems? 什么是嵌入式系统？

Embedded Systems are computer systems that reside insides the device it controls. These are hardware and software combination, computer memory, I/O peripheral with real-time computing constraints, that are either fixed in capability or programmable, designed for a specific function towards to device they are attached to. They can range from having no user interface to having complex graphical(GUI) interface like mobile devices. Next, we will look into the Evolution of Embedded Systems.
嵌入式系统是驻留在它所控制的设备内部的计算机系统。这些是硬件和软件组合、计算机内存、具有实时计算限制的 I/O 外围设备，它们要么是固定的，要么是可编程的，专为它们所连接的设备的特定功能而设计。它们的范围从没有用户界面到具有复杂的图形（GUI）界面（如移动设备）。接下来，我们将研究嵌入式系统的演变。

How Embedded Systems Changed Over Time 嵌入式系统如何随时间变化

Evolution of Embedded Systems

嵌入式系统的演变

Year 1833: Michael Faraday described electronic conduction increasing with temperature in silver sulfide crystals.
1833 年 - 迈克尔·法拉第描述了硫化银晶体中电子传导随温度的增加而增加。
Year 1874: Ferdinand Braun noted that current flowed freely only in one direction at the contact between the metal point and galena crystal.
1874 年 - 费迪南德·布劳恩指出，电流仅在金属点和方铅矿晶体之间的接触处沿一个方向自由流动。
Year 1961: Charles Stark Draper developed the Integrated Circuit (IC) to reduce the size and weight of the Apollo Guidance Computer.
1961 年 - Charles Stark Draper 为了减小 Apollo 制导计算机的尺寸和重量，开发了集成电路（IC）。
Year 1965: Autonetics developed the D-17B missile guidance system for the Minuteman I.
1965 年 - Autonetics 在 Minuteman I 中开发了 D-17B 导弹制导系统。
Year 1968: The Volkswagen 1600 used a microprocessor to control its electronic fuel injection system.
1968 年 - 大众 1600 使用微处理器来控制其电子燃油喷射系统。
Year 1970: Texas Instruments developed the first microcontroller.
1970 年 - 德州仪器开发了第一台微控制器。
In 1971, Intel introduced the first commercially available processor, the 4004, a 4-bit processor designed for calculators and small electronics.
此外，在 1971 年，英特尔开发了第一款商用处理器4004。它是一个4位处理器，专为计算器和小型电子产品而设计。
Year 1987: Wind River released the first embedded operating system, VxWorks, a real-time OS.
1987 年 - Wind River 发布了第一个嵌入式操作系统，实时 VxWorks。
In 1996, Microsoft released Windows Embedded CE.
此外，在1996年，Microsoft发布了Windows Embedded CE。
Late 1990s: Embedded Linux products began to gain popularity, and today, Linux is used in almost all embedded devices.
1990年代后期 - 嵌入式Linux产品开始流行，如今Linux几乎用于所有嵌入式设备。

These significant contributions towards the evolution of embedded systems have greatly influenced modern gadgets and technologies, all of which depend on embedded systems.
所有这些对嵌入式系统发展的重大贡献都促成了现代小工具和技术的发展，所有这些都依赖于嵌入式系统。

Embedded Systems In Present Time 当今的嵌入式系统

As we can see Evolution of Embedded Systems took place at a rapid pace and significant contributions have been made by many scientists.
正如我们所看到的，嵌入式系统的演变速度很快，许多科学家都做出了重大贡献。

Today’s embedded systems can be divided into:
今天的嵌入式系统可以分为：

Real-Time Embedded System
1）实时嵌入式系统
Stand-alone Embedded System
2）独立的嵌入式系统
Networked Embedded System
3）网络嵌入式系统
Mobile Embedded System
4）移动嵌入式系统
Small-scale Embedded System
5）小型嵌入式系统
Medium-Scale Embedded System
6）中型嵌入式系统
Sophisticated or Complex Embedded System
7）复杂或复杂的嵌入式系统

Most of the embedded systems of the current time are based on microcomputers, which are programmable, small computers with integrated memory all in one single integrated circuit (IC).
目前的大多数嵌入式系统都是基于可编程的微型计算机，小型计算机将集成内存全部集成在一个集成电路（IC）中。

The latest technology in Embedded Systems in the present time are:

当前嵌入式系统的最新技术是：

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
1）人工智能和机器学习
Deep Learning
2）深度学习
Embedded Security
3）嵌入式安全性
Cloud Connectivity
4）云连接
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
5）增强现实和虚拟现实

Focus on Real-Time Embedded Systems

Today’s focus is on Real-Time Embedded Systems.
今天的重点是实时嵌入式系统。

What is Real-Time Embedded System?

What is Real-Time Embedded System?
什么是实时嵌入式系统？

These are the latest and the most in-demand development in the Evolution of Embedded Systems.
这些是嵌入式系统发展过程中最新和最需要的发展。

These are computer systems that monitor, control, and respond as per need to a change or an event in the external environment.
这些是根据需要监控、控制和响应外部事件中的变化或事件的计算机系统。

It has a low latency response to an input event.
它对输入事件的响应延迟较低。

These systems work with strict time constraints and can provide guaranteed worst-case response time to critical events and acceptable average-case response time to non-critical events.
这些系统在严格的时间限制下工作，可以保证对关键事件的最坏情况响应时间，对非关键事件提供可接受的平均情况响应时间。

Real-Time Embedded Systems can be divided into 2 types:
实时嵌入式系统可分为2种类型：

Hard Real-Time Embedded System
1）硬核实时嵌入式系统
Soft Real-Time Embedded System
2）软实时嵌入式系统

Hard Real-Time Embedded System- The primary function of these types to systems is to ensure that all critical functions/processes are completed within the stipulated time frame and missing a deadline is considered a system failure. All delays in the systems are strictly time-bound. Data is stored in short-term or read-only memory as there is no secondary memory. These types of systems are used in various missiles and airplanes.

硬实时嵌入式系统 - 这些类型对系统的主要功能是确保所有关键功能/流程在规定的时间范围内完成，错过最后期限被视为系统故障。系统中的所有延迟都有严格的时间限制。数据存储在短期或只读存储器中，因为没有辅助存储器。这些类型的系统用于各种导弹和飞机。

Soft Real-Time System- Even though the basic functionality is to ensure that critical processes have to completed within a given time frame, they are less constrictive than Hard-Time Systems. Soft Real-Time tries to reach a deadline but does not consider it a system failure if one or two deadlines are missed. They are a little bit more flexible than Hard Real-time Systems. They are used in various areas like multimedia, scientific projects, seismic sensors, etc.

软实时系统 - 尽管基本功能是确保关键流程必须在给定的时间范围内完成，但它们比硬时间系统的限制要小。Soft Real-Time 会尝试达到截止日期，但如果错过了一两个截止日期，则不会将其视为系统故障。它们比 Hard Real-time Systems 更灵活一些。它们用于多媒体、科学项目、地震传感器等各个领域。