Python基础知识速查（下）

9. Dictionaries

• Dictionary properties: unordered, iterable, mutable, can contain multiple data types
• Made of key-value pairs
• Keys must be unique, and can be strings, numbers, or tuples
• Values can be any type

In [125]:

# create an empty dictionary (two ways)
empty_dict = {}
empty_dict = dict()

In [126]:

# create a dictionary (two ways)
family = {'dad':'homer', 'mom':'marge', 'size':6}
family = dict(dad='homer', mom='marge', size=6)
family

Out[126]:

{'dad': 'homer', 'mom': 'marge', 'size': 6}

In [127]:

# convert a list of tuples into a dictionary
list_of_tuples = [('dad', 'homer'), ('mom', 'marge'), ('size', 6)]
family = dict(list_of_tuples)
family

Out[127]:

{'dad': 'homer', 'mom': 'marge', 'size': 6}

Examine a dictionary:

In [128]:

# pass a key to return its value
family['dad']

Out[128]:

'homer'

In [129]:

# return the number of key-value pairs
len(family)

Out[129]:

3

In [130]:

# check if key exists in dictionary
'mom' in family

Out[130]:

True

In [131]:

# dictionary values are not checked
'marge' in family

Out[131]:

False

In [132]:

# returns a list of keys (Python 2) or an iterable view (Python 3)
family.keys()

Out[132]:

['dad', 'mom', 'size']

In [133]:

# returns a list of values (Python 2) or an iterable view (Python 3)
family.values()

Out[133]:

['homer', 'marge', 6]

In [134]:

# returns a list of key-value pairs (Python 2) or an iterable view (Python 3)
family.items()

Out[134]:

[('dad', 'homer'), ('mom', 'marge'), ('size', 6)]

Modify a dictionary (does not return the dictionary):

In [135]:

# add a new entry
family['cat'] = 'snowball'
family

Out[135]:

{'cat': 'snowball', 'dad': 'homer', 'mom': 'marge', 'size': 6}

In [136]:

# edit an existing entry
family['cat'] = 'snowball ii'
family

Out[136]:

{'cat': 'snowball ii', 'dad': 'homer', 'mom': 'marge', 'size': 6}

In [137]:

# delete an entry
del family['cat']
family

Out[137]:

{'dad': 'homer', 'mom': 'marge', 'size': 6}

In [138]:

# dictionary value can be a list
family['kids'] = ['bart', 'lisa']
family

Out[138]:

{'dad': 'homer', 'kids': ['bart', 'lisa'], 'mom': 'marge', 'size': 6}

In [139]:

# remove an entry and return the value
family.pop('dad')

Out[139]:

'homer'

In [140]:

# add multiple entries
family.update({'baby':'maggie', 'grandpa':'abe'})
family

Out[140]:

{'baby': 'maggie',
 'grandpa': 'abe',
 'kids': ['bart', 'lisa'],
 'mom': 'marge',
 'size': 6}

Access values more safely with get:

In [141]:

family['mom']

Out[141]:

'marge'

In [142]:

# equivalent to a dictionary lookup
family.get('mom')

Out[142]:

'marge'

In [143]:

# this would throw an error since the key does not exist
# family['grandma']

In [144]:

# return None if not found
family.get('grandma')

In [145]:

# provide a default return value if not found
family.get('grandma', 'not found')

Out[145]:

'not found'

Access a list element within a dictionary:

In [146]:

family['kids'][0]

Out[146]:

'bart'

In [147]:

family['kids'].remove('lisa')
family

Out[147]:

{'baby': 'maggie',
 'grandpa': 'abe',
 'kids': ['bart'],
 'mom': 'marge',
 'size': 6}

String substitution using a dictionary:

In [148]:

'youngest child is %(baby)s' % family

Out[148]:

'youngest child is maggie'

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10. Sets

• Set properties: unordered, iterable, mutable, can contain multiple data types
• Made of unique elements (strings, numbers, or tuples)
• Like dictionaries, but with keys only (no values)

In [149]:

# create an empty set
empty_set = set()

In [150]:

# create a set directly
languages = {'python', 'r', 'java'}

In [151]:

# create a set from a list
snakes = set(['cobra', 'viper', 'python'])

Examine a set:

In [152]:

len(languages)

Out[152]:

3

In [153]:

'python' in languages

Out[153]:

True

Set operations:

In [154]:

# intersection
languages & snakes

Out[154]:

{'python'}

In [155]:

# union
languages | snakes

Out[155]:

{'cobra', 'java', 'python', 'r', 'viper'}

In [156]:

# set difference
languages - snakes

Out[156]:

{'java', 'r'}

In [157]:

# set difference
snakes - languages

Out[157]:

{'cobra', 'viper'}

Modify a set (does not return the set):

In [158]:

# add a new element
languages.add('sql')
languages

Out[158]:

{'java', 'python', 'r', 'sql'}

In [159]:

# try to add an existing element (ignored, no error)
languages.add('r')
languages

Out[159]:

{'java', 'python', 'r', 'sql'}

In [160]:

# remove an element
languages.remove('java')
languages

Out[160]:

{'python', 'r', 'sql'}

In [161]:

# try to remove a non-existing element (this would throw an error)
# languages.remove('c')

In [162]:

# remove an element if present, but ignored otherwise
languages.discard('c')
languages

Out[162]:

{'python', 'r', 'sql'}

In [163]:

# remove and return an arbitrary element
languages.pop()

Out[163]:

'python'

In [164]:

# remove all elements
languages.clear()
languages

Out[164]:

set()

In [165]:

# add multiple elements (can also pass a set)
languages.update(['go', 'spark'])
languages

Out[165]:

{'go', 'spark'}

Get a sorted list of unique elements from a list:

In [166]:

sorted(set([9, 0, 2, 1, 0]))

Out[166]:

[0, 1, 2, 9]

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11. Defining Functions

Define a function with no arguments and no return values:

In [167]:

def print_text():
    print('this is text')

In [168]:

# call the function
print_text()

this is text

Define a function with one argument and no return values:

In [169]:

def print_this(x):
    print(x)

In [170]:

# call the function
print_this(3)

3

In [171]:

# prints 3, but doesn't assign 3 to n because the function has no return statement
n = print_this(3)

3

Define a function with one argument and one return value:

In [172]:

def square_this(x):
    return x**2

In [173]:

# include an optional docstring to describe the effect of a function
def square_this(x):
    """Return the square of a number."""
    return x**2

In [174]:

# call the function
square_this(3)

Out[174]:

9

In [175]:

# assigns 9 to var, but does not print 9
var = square_this(3)

Define a function with two 'positional arguments' (no default values) and one 'keyword argument' (has a default value):

In [176]:

def calc(a, b, op='add'):
    if op == 'add':
        return a + b
    elif op == 'sub':
        return a - b
    else:
        print('valid operations are add and sub')

In [177]:

# call the function
calc(10, 4, op='add')

Out[177]:

14

In [178]:

# unnamed arguments are inferred by position
calc(10, 4, 'add')

Out[178]:

14

In [179]:

# default for 'op' is 'add'
calc(10, 4)

Out[179]:

14

In [180]:

calc(10, 4, 'sub')

Out[180]:

6

In [181]:

calc(10, 4, 'div')

valid operations are add and sub

Use pass as a placeholder if you haven't written the function body:

In [182]:

def stub():
    pass

Return two values from a single function:

In [183]:

def min_max(nums):
    return min(nums), max(nums)

In [184]:

# return values can be assigned to a single variable as a tuple
nums = [1, 2, 3]
min_max_num = min_max(nums)
min_max_num

Out[184]:

(1, 3)

In [185]:

# return values can be assigned into multiple variables using tuple unpacking
min_num, max_num = min_max(nums)
print(min_num)
print(max_num)

1
3

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12. Anonymous (Lambda) Functions

• Primarily used to temporarily define a function for use by another function

In [186]:

# define a function the "usual" way
def squared(x):
    return x**2

In [187]:

# define an identical function using lambda
squared = lambda x: x**2

Sort a list of strings by the last letter:

In [188]:

# without using lambda
simpsons = ['homer', 'marge', 'bart']
def last_letter(word):
    return word[-1]
sorted(simpsons, key=last_letter)

Out[188]:

['marge', 'homer', 'bart']

In [189]:

# using lambda
sorted(simpsons, key=lambda word: word[-1])

Out[189]:

['marge', 'homer', 'bart']

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13. For Loops and While Loops

range returns a list of integers (Python 2) or a sequence (Python 3):

In [190]:

# includes the start value but excludes the stop value
range(0, 3)

Out[190]:

[0, 1, 2]

In [191]:

# default start value is 0
range(3)

Out[191]:

[0, 1, 2]

In [192]:

# third argument is the step value
range(0, 5, 2)

Out[192]:

[0, 2, 4]

In [193]:

# Python 2 only: use xrange to create a sequence rather than a list (saves memory)
xrange(100, 100000, 5)

Out[193]:

xrange(100, 100000, 5)

for loops:

In [194]:

# not the recommended style
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
for i in range(len(fruits)):
    print(fruits[i].upper())

APPLE
BANANA
CHERRY

In [195]:

# recommended style
for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit.upper())

APPLE
BANANA
CHERRY

In [196]:

# iterate through two things at once (using tuple unpacking)
family = {'dad':'homer', 'mom':'marge', 'size':6}
for key, value in family.items():
    print(key, value)

('dad', 'homer')
('mom', 'marge')
('size', 6)

In [197]:

# use enumerate if you need to access the index value within the loop
for index, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
    print(index, fruit)

(0, 'apple')
(1, 'banana')
(2, 'cherry')

for/else loop:

In [198]:

for fruit in fruits:
    if fruit == 'banana':
        print('Found the banana!')
        break    # exit the loop and skip the 'else' block
else:
    # this block executes ONLY if the for loop completes without hitting 'break'
    print("Can't find the banana")

Found the banana!

while loop:

In [199]:

count = 0
while count < 5:
    print('This will print 5 times')
    count += 1    # equivalent to 'count = count + 1'

This will print 5 times
This will print 5 times
This will print 5 times
This will print 5 times
This will print 5 times

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14. Comprehensions

List comprehension:

In [200]:

# for loop to create a list of cubes
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
cubes = []
for num in nums:
    cubes.append(num**3)
cubes

Out[200]:

[1, 8, 27, 64, 125]

In [201]:

# equivalent list comprehension
cubes = [num**3 for num in nums]
cubes

Out[201]:

[1, 8, 27, 64, 125]

In [202]:

# for loop to create a list of cubes of even numbers
cubes_of_even = []
for num in nums:
    if num % 2 == 0:
        cubes_of_even.append(num**3)
cubes_of_even

Out[202]:

[8, 64]

In [203]:

# equivalent list comprehension
# syntax: [expression for variable in iterable if condition]
cubes_of_even = [num**3 for num in nums if num % 2 == 0]
cubes_of_even

Out[203]:

[8, 64]

In [204]:

# for loop to cube even numbers and square odd numbers
cubes_and_squares = []
for num in nums:
    if num % 2 == 0:
        cubes_and_squares.append(num**3)
    else:
        cubes_and_squares.append(num**2)
cubes_and_squares

Out[204]:

[1, 8, 9, 64, 25]

In [205]:

# equivalent list comprehension (using a ternary expression)
# syntax: [true_condition if condition else false_condition for variable in iterable]
cubes_and_squares = [num**3 if num % 2 == 0 else num**2 for num in nums]
cubes_and_squares

Out[205]:

[1, 8, 9, 64, 25]

In [206]:

# for loop to flatten a 2d-matrix
matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
items = []
for row in matrix:
    for item in row:
        items.append(item)
items

Out[206]:

[1, 2, 3, 4]

In [207]:

# equivalent list comprehension
items = [item for row in matrix
              for item in row]
items

Out[207]:

[1, 2, 3, 4]

Set comprehension:

In [208]:

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
unique_lengths = {len(fruit) for fruit in fruits}
unique_lengths

Out[208]:

{5, 6}

Dictionary comprehension:

In [209]:

fruit_lengths = {fruit:len(fruit) for fruit in fruits}
fruit_lengths

Out[209]:

{'apple': 5, 'banana': 6, 'cherry': 6}

In [210]:

fruit_indices = {fruit:index for index, fruit in enumerate(fruits)}
fruit_indices

Out[210]:

{'apple': 0, 'banana': 1, 'cherry': 2}

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15. Map and Filter

map applies a function to every element of a sequence and returns a list (Python 2) or iterator (Python 3):

In [211]:

simpsons = ['homer', 'marge', 'bart']
map(len, simpsons)

Out[211]:

[5, 5, 4]

In [212]:

# equivalent list comprehension
[len(word) for word in simpsons]

Out[212]:

[5, 5, 4]

In [213]:

map(lambda word: word[-1], simpsons)

Out[213]:

['r', 'e', 't']

In [214]:

# equivalent list comprehension
[word[-1] for word in simpsons]

Out[214]:

['r', 'e', 't']

filter returns a list (Python 2) or iterator (Python 3) containing the elements from a sequence for which a condition is True:

In [215]:

nums = range(5)
filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums)

Out[215]:

[0, 2, 4]

In [216]:

# equivalent list comprehension
[num for num in nums if num % 2 == 0]

Out[216]:

[0, 2, 4]

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