经典电动力学基础

最新推荐文章于 2023-07-04 19:28:03 发布

东门之杨

最新推荐文章于 2023-07-04 19:28:03 发布

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分类专栏：电动力学文章标签：电动力学

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013795675/article/details/48542813

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电荷守恒

电荷守恒的表达：

\int V ρ (x) d 3 x = const

$\int_V \rho(\mathbf{x})d^3\mathbf{x}=\text{const}$
or

\int \partial V j \cdot d α + \int V \partial ρ ( x ) \partial t d 3 x = \int \partial V j d \cdot α + \partial \int V ρ ( x ) d 3 x \partial t = 0

$\begin{array} &\int_{\partial V}\mathbf{j}\cdot\mathrm{d}\alpha+\int_V\dfrac{\partial\rho(\mathbf{x})}{\partial t}\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x} \\=\int_{\partial V}\mathbf{j}\mathrm{d}\cdot\alpha+\dfrac{\partial\int_V\rho(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x}}{\partial t} \\=0 \end{array}$
由Gauss定理

\int \partial V j \cdot d α = \int V (\nabla \cdot j) d 3 x

$\int_{\partial V}\mathbf{j}\cdot\mathrm{d}\alpha=\int_V(\nabla\cdot \mathbf{j})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x}$
得

\int V (\nabla \cdot j + \partial ρ \partial t) d 3 x = 0

$\int_V(\nabla\cdot\mathbf{j}+\dfrac{\partial \rho}{\partial t})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x}=0$
所以

\nabla \cdot j + \partial ρ \partial t = 0

$\nabla\cdot\mathbf{j}+\dfrac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}=0$

称为电流的连续性方程.

静电场

库仑定律

E (x') = 1 4 π ε 0 \cdot q \cdot x ' - x | x ' - x | 3

$\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{x'})=\dfrac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\cdot q\cdot \dfrac{\mathbf{x'}-\mathbf{x}}{|\mathbf{x'}-\mathbf{x}|^3}$

高斯定理

E \cdot d α = q 4 π ε 0 \cdot 1 r 2 cos θ \cdot d α = q 4 π ε 0 \cdot d Ω \Rightarrow \int \partial V E \cdot d α = q ε 0

$\begin{array} &\mathbf{E}\cdot \mathrm{d}\alpha=\dfrac{q}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\cdot\dfrac1{r^2}\cos\theta\cdot \mathrm{d}\alpha \\=\dfrac{q}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\cdot\mathrm{d}\Omega \\\Rightarrow\int_{\partial V}\mathbf{E}\cdot \mathrm{d}\alpha=\dfrac{q}{\varepsilon_0} \end{array}$

电场散度

高斯定理（电磁学）

\int \partial V E \cdot d α = q ε 0 = 1 ε 0 \int V ρ (x) d 3 x

$\int_{\partial V}\mathbf{E}\cdot \mathrm{d}\alpha=\dfrac{q}{\varepsilon_0}=\dfrac1{\varepsilon_0}\int_V\rho(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x}$

+高斯定理（数学）

\int \partial V E \cdot d α = \int V (\nabla \cdot E) d 3 x

$\int_{\partial V}\mathbf{E}\cdot \mathrm{d}\alpha =\int_V(\nabla\cdot\mathbf{E})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x}$

\Rightarrow \nabla \cdot E (x) = 1 ε 0 ρ (x)

$\Rightarrow\nabla\cdot\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{x})=\dfrac1{\varepsilon_0}\rho(\mathbf{x})$

电场的旋度

电场作为梯度

由于

x - x ' | x - x ' | 3 = - \nabla x 1 | x - x ' |

$\dfrac{\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x'}}{|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x'}|^3}=-\nabla_{\mathbf{x}}\dfrac1{|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x'}|}$

所以

E (x) = \int V 1 4 π ε 0 x - x ' | x - x ' | 3 ρ (x') d 3 x' = \int V - 1 4 π ε 0 (\nabla x 1 | x - x ' |) ρ (x') d 3 x' = \nabla x (- 1 4 π ε 0 \int V 1 | x - x ' | ρ (x') d 3 x') = - \nabla ϕ

$\begin{array} &\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{x})=\int_V\dfrac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \dfrac{\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x'}}{|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x'}|^3}\rho(\mathbf{x'})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'} \\=\int_V-\dfrac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\left(\nabla_{\mathbf{x}}\dfrac1{|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x'}|}\right)\rho(\mathbf{x'})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'} \\=\nabla_{\mathbf{x}}\left(-\dfrac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\int_V\dfrac1{|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x'}|}\rho(\mathbf{x'})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'}\right) \\=-\nabla\phi \end{array}$

所以

\nabla \times E = \nabla \times (- \nabla ϕ) = 0

$\nabla\times\mathbf{E}=\nabla\times(-\nabla\phi)=0$

静磁场

B-S定律（毕奥-萨伐尔定律）

d B = μ 0 4 π j (x) \times ( x - x ' ) | x - x ' | 3 d 3 x' = μ 0 4 π j (x) \times (- \nabla x 1 | x - x ' |) d 3 x'

$\begin{array} &\mathrm{d}\mathbf{B}=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x})\times\dfrac{(\mathbf{x-x'})}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|^3}\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'} \\=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x})\times(-\nabla_{\mathbf x}\dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'} \end{array}$

B作为旋度

由于

\nabla \times (ϕ A) = ϕ \nabla \times A + \nabla ϕ \times A

$\nabla\times(\phi \mathbf A)=\phi\nabla\times\mathbf A+\nabla\phi\times \mathbf A$
且

\nabla x \times j (x') = 0 (x,x' 独立)

$\nabla_{\mathbf x}\times \mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x'})=0(\text{x,x'独立})$
所以

B = μ 0 4 π \int V j (x) \times (\nabla x - 1 | x - x ' |) d 3 x' = μ 0 4 π \nabla x \times (- \int V 1 | x - x ' | j (x)) d 3 x' = \nabla x \times (- μ 0 4 π \int V 1 | x - x ' | j (x) d 3 x') = \nabla \times A

$\begin{array} &\mathbf B=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int_V\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x})\times(\nabla_{\mathbf x}\dfrac{-1}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'} \\=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\nabla_{\mathbf x}\times(-\int_V\dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|}\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x}))\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'} \\=\nabla_{\mathbf x}\times\left(-\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int_V\dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|}\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'}\right) \\=\nabla\times \mathbf A \end{array}$

磁场的散度

\nabla \cdot B (x) = \nabla \cdot (\nabla \times A) = 0

$\nabla\cdot \mathbf B(\mathbf x)=\nabla\cdot (\nabla\times\mathbf A)=0$

磁场的旋度

因为

\nabla \cdot A = \nabla x \cdot (- μ 0 4 π \int V 1 | x - x ' | j (x) d 3 x') = - μ 0 4 π \int V \cdot (1 | x - x ' | \nabla x \cdot j (x) d 3 x') = μ 0 4 π \int V \cdot (1 | x - x ' | \nabla x' \cdot j (x') d 3 x') = 0 （积分面取得足够大， j (x') = 0 ）

$\begin{array} &\nabla\cdot \mathbf A=\nabla_{\mathbf x}\cdot\left(-\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int_V\dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|}\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'}\right) \\=-\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int_V\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|}\nabla_{\mathbf x}\cdot\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'}\right) \\=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int_V\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|}\nabla_{\mathbf x'}\cdot\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x'})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'}\right) \\=0\text{（积分面取得足够大，}\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x'})=0\text{）} \end{array}$

\nabla 2 1 r = - 4 π δ (r)

$\nabla^2\dfrac1{r}=-4\pi\delta(r)$
所以

\nabla \times B = \nabla \times (\nabla \times A) = \nabla (\nabla \cdot A) - \nabla 2 A = - \nabla 2 A = - \nabla 2 (- μ 0 4 π \int V 1 | x - x ' | j (x) d 3 x') = μ 0 j (x')

$\begin{array} &\nabla\times\mathbf B=\nabla\times(\nabla\times \mathbf A) \\=\nabla(\nabla\cdot \mathbf A)-\nabla^2\mathbf A \\=-\nabla^2\mathbf A \\=-\nabla^2\left(-\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int_V\dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{x-x'}|}\mathbf{j}(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{d}^3\mathbf{x'}\right) \\=\mu_0\mathbf{j(x')} \end{array}$