Linux字符设备驱动基础（二）

Linux字符设备驱动基础（二）

5 设备号相关操作

设备号由主设备号和次设备号组成。主设备号用来标识与设备文件相连的驱动程序，用以反映设备类型；次设备号是用于驱动程序来辨别所操作的具体设备，用以区分同类型的设备。
linux内核中，设备号用dev_t来描述，Linux 4.14.14中定义如下：

typedef u_long dev_t;

在32位机中是4个字节，高12bit表示主设备号，低20bit表示设备号。
1）从设备号中提取major和minor

MAJOR(dev_t dev);     MINOR(dev_t dev);

2）通过major和minor构建设备号

MKDEV(int major, int minor);

5.1 静态申请设备号

static inline int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name,
				  const struct file_operations *fops)
{
	return __register_chrdev(major, 0, 256, name, fops);
}
参数：
-major：主设备号
-name：设备名
-fops： 文件操作集


/**
 * __register_chrdev() - create and register a cdev occupying a range of minors
 * @major: major device number or 0 for dynamic allocation
 * @baseminor: first of the requested range of minor numbers
 * @count: the number of minor numbers required
 * @name: name of this range of devices
 * @fops: file operations associated with this devices
 *
 * If @major == 0 this functions will dynamically allocate a major and return
 * its number.
 *
 * If @major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve a device with the given
 * major number and will return zero on success.
 *
 * Returns a -ve errno on failure.
 *
 * The name of this device has nothing to do with the name of the device in
 * /dev. It only helps to keep track of the different owners of devices. If
 * your module name has only one type of devices it's ok to use e.g. the name
 * of the module here.
 */
int __register_chrdev(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
		      unsigned int count, const char *name,
		      const struct file_operations *fops)
{
	struct char_device_struct *cd;
	struct cdev *cdev;
	int err = -ENOMEM;
	//注册字符设备号
	cd = __register_chrdev_region(major, baseminor, count, name);
	if (IS_ERR(cd))
		return PTR_ERR(cd);
	//申请cdev结构体
	cdev = cdev_alloc();
	if (!cdev)
		goto out2;

	//初始化cdev结构体
	cdev->owner = fops->owner;
	cdev->ops = fops;
	kobject_set_name(&cdev->kobj, "%s", name);

	//添加字符设备
	err = cdev_add(cdev, MKDEV(cd->major, baseminor), count);
	if (err)
		goto out;

	cd->cdev = cdev;

	return major ? 0 : cd->major;
out:
	kobject_put(&cdev->kobj);
out2:
	kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(cd->major, baseminor, count));
	return err;
}

5.2 动态申请设备号

/**
 * alloc_chrdev_region() - register a range of char device numbers
 * @dev: output parameter for first assigned number
 * @baseminor: first of the requested range of minor numbers
 * @count: the number of minor numbers required
 * @name: the name of the associated device or driver
 *
 * Allocates a range of char device numbers.  The major number will be
 * chosen dynamically, and returned (along with the first minor number)
 * in @dev.  Returns zero or a negative error code.
 */
int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count,
			const char *name)
{
	struct char_device_struct *cd;
	//注册设备号
	cd = __register_chrdev_region(0, baseminor, count, name);
	if (IS_ERR(cd))
		return PTR_ERR(cd);
	*dev = MKDEV(cd->major, cd->baseminor);	//返回申请号的设备号
	return 0;
}
参数：
-dev：返回申请到的设备号
-baseminor：第一个次设备号
-count：申请设备数量
-name：设备的名字

5.3 字符设备注册

/*
 * Register a single major with a specified minor range.
 *
 * If major == 0 this functions will dynamically allocate a major and return
 * its number.
 *
 * If major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve the passed range of
 * minors and will return zero on success.
 *
 * Returns a -ve errno on failure.
 */
static struct char_device_struct *
__register_chrdev_region(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
			   int minorct, const char *name)
{
	struct char_device_struct *cd, **cp;
	int ret = 0;
	int i;

	cd = kzalloc(sizeof(struct char_device_struct), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (cd == NULL)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);

	if (major == 0) {	//动态注册设备
		ret = find_dynamic_major();	//寻找最小可用的主设备号
		if (ret < 0) {
			pr_err("CHRDEV \"%s\" dynamic allocation region is full\n",
			       name);
			goto out;
		}
		major = ret;
	}

	//判断主设备号合法性， CHRDEV_MAJOR_MAX = 512
	if (major >= CHRDEV_MAJOR_MAX) {
		pr_err("CHRDEV \"%s\" major requested (%d) is greater than the maximum (%d)\n",
		       name, major, CHRDEV_MAJOR_MAX);
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	cd->major = major;
	cd->baseminor = baseminor;
	cd->minorct = minorct;
	strlcpy(cd->name, name, sizeof(cd->name));

	i = major_to_index(major);

	for (cp = &chrdevs[i]; *cp; cp = &(*cp)->next)
		if ((*cp)->major > major ||
		    ((*cp)->major == major &&
		     (((*cp)->baseminor >= baseminor) ||
		      ((*cp)->baseminor + (*cp)->minorct > baseminor))))
			break;

	/* Check for overlapping minor ranges.  */
	if (*cp && (*cp)->major == major) {
		int old_min = (*cp)->baseminor;
		int old_max = (*cp)->baseminor + (*cp)->minorct - 1;
		int new_min = baseminor;
		int new_max = baseminor + minorct - 1;

		/* New driver overlaps from the left.  */
		if (new_max >= old_min && new_max <= old_max) {
			ret = -EBUSY;
			goto out;
		}

		/* New driver overlaps from the right.  */
		if (new_min <= old_max && new_min >= old_min) {
			ret = -EBUSY;
			goto out;
		}
	}

	cd->next = *cp;
	*cp = cd;
	mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
	return cd;
out:
	mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
	kfree(cd);
	return ERR_PTR(ret);
}

5.4 注销设备号

/**
 * unregister_chrdev_region() - unregister a range of device numbers
 * @from: the first in the range of numbers to unregister
 * @count: the number of device numbers to unregister
 *
 * This function will unregister a range of @count device numbers,
 * starting with @from.  The caller should normally be the one who
 * allocated those numbers in the first place...
 */
void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count)
{
	dev_t to = from + count;
	dev_t n, next;

	for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
		next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
		if (next > to)
			next = to;
		kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n), next - n));
	}
}