chapter one

0.Information Systems

1.software

2.Microcomputer hardware

3.Data

4.Connectivity

5.Type of computers

0-Information Systems：

1.People:

microcomputers:make people , end users more productive

2.Procedures:

The rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software , hardware ,and data are procedures.

3.Software :

A program consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work.

4.Hardware :

THe equipent that proccesses the data to create information is called hardware  .

5.Data

The raw ,  unproccessed facts ,including text ,numbers images ,and sounds ,are called data

6.Connectivity

typically uses the internet and allows users to greatly expand the cpability and usefulness of their information systems.

1-Software:

1)System software 

1.Operating System

are programs that coordinate computer resources , provide an inter

2.Utilities

perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources .

3.Device drivers

are specialized programs  designed to allow particular input  or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.

2)Application software

1)general-purpose appplications

are widely used in nearly all career areas 

2)specialized applications

include thousands of other programs that  are more narrowly focused on specific disciplines and occupations.

3)mobiile apps 

2-Microcomputer Hardware 

1)System unit

The system unit is a containner that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system .

|--microprocessor

control and manipulates data to produce information 

|--memory

is a holding area for data , instructions , and information.

|--RAM(random-access memory ):

holds the program and data that is currently being processed

2)Input/output 

Input devices:tanslate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process.

|--keyboard

|--mouse

output devices : translate the processed information from the computer into a form that humans can understand.

|--monitors

|--printers

3)Secondary storage

hard disks :are typically used to store programs and very large data files 

solid-state storage:does not have any moving parts , is more reliable , and requres less power .

|--SSDs (solid-state drives)  that used much the same way as an internal hard disk

|--flash memory cards  are widely use d in portable devices

|--USB drives:that are widely used compact storage mdedium for transporting data and information between computers and a variety of specialty devices.

optical discs

|--CDs (compact discs)

|--DVDs (digital versatile discs)

|--Blu-ray discs

4)Communication

|--modem is a widely used communication device that modifies audio , video , and other types of data communications into a form that can be procesed by a computer.

3-Data

1)Document files

created by a word processors to  save documents such as memos , term papers , nd letters

2)Worksheet files

created by  electronic spreadsheet to analyze things like budgets and to predict sales

3)Database files

typically created by database management programs to contain highly structured and organized data.

4)Presentation files

created by presentation graphics programs to save presentation materials.

4-Connectivity

wireless revolution , a revolution that will dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology.

web:

provide a multimedia interface to the numerous resources available on the internet .

Cloud Computing uses the Internet and the web to shift many  computer activities from a user's computer to computers on the Internet.

 

5-Type of computers

1)Supercomputers

2)Mainframe computers 

3)Midrange computers 
also referred to as servers

4)Microcomputers

-Desktop computers

are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk yet are to big to carry arround

-Notebook computers 

also known as laptop computers , are portable and lightweight and fit into most briefcases.

-Tablets also known as tablet computers 

newest type of computer , smaller , lighter ,and generally less powerful tha notebooks

-Handheld computers

|--PDAs(personal digital assistants)

|--smartphones