一、复习求和符号∑
自从约瑟夫·傅立叶于1820年引入求和符号∑(大写的希腊字母sigma)以来,求和∑以及双重求和∑∑在数学公式推导,命题证明中被经常使用,掌握它的定义和性质对于提高我们的数学能力是必不可少的。
注意我们在此只讨论有限项的求和。
结合律:
∑
i
=
1
n
(
a
i
+
b
i
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
+
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
\sum_{i=1}^{n}( a_{i}+b_{i})=\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i}+\sum_{i=1}^{n} b_{i}
i=1∑n(ai+bi)=i=1∑nai+i=1∑nbi
分配律:
∑
i
=
1
n
r
a
i
=
r
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
(
r
为任意常数
)
\sum_{i=1}^{n} r a_{i}=r \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i} \quad( r为任意常数)
i=1∑nrai=ri=1∑nai(r为任意常数)
从函数角度:
∑
i
=
1
10
g
(
k
,
l
)
f
(
i
,
j
)
=
g
(
k
,
l
)
∑
i
=
1
10
f
(
i
,
j
)
\sum_{i=1}^{10} g(k, l) f(i, j)=g(k, l) \sum_{i=1}^{10} f(i, j)
i=1∑10g(k,l)f(i,j)=g(k,l)i=1∑10f(i,j)
g(k, l)是与下标i无关的函数
分段:
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
=
∑
i
=
1
m
a
i
+
∑
i
=
m
+
1
n
a
i
\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i}=\sum_{i=1}^{m} a_{i}+\sum_{i=m+1}^{n} a_{i}
i=1∑nai=i=1∑mai+i=m+1∑nai
二、二重求和的定义
有一个n行m列的数表:
a
11
,
a
12
,
a
13
,
⋯
,
a
1
m
a
21
,
a
22
,
a
23
,
⋯
,
a
2
m
a
31
,
a
32
,
a
33
,
⋯
,
a
3
m
⋯
a
n
1
,
a
n
2
,
a
n
3
,
⋯
,
a
n
m
\begin{array}{l}{a_{11}, a_{12}, a_{13}, \cdots, a_{1 m}} \\ {a_{21}, a_{22}, a_{23}, \cdots, a_{2 m}} \\ {a_{31}, a_{32}, a_{33}, \cdots, a_{3 m}} \\ {\cdots} \\ {a_{n 1}, a_{n 2}, a_{n 3}, \cdots, a_{n m}}\end{array}
a11,a12,a13,⋯,a1ma21,a22,a23,⋯,a2ma31,a32,a33,⋯,a3m⋯an1,an2,an3,⋯,anm
数表里的每个元素都由两个相互独立的数i,j决定,即每一项都是i,j的二元函数,一般项为aij ,i = 1,2…n; j = 1,2…m
这n × m项的和记为
∑
j
=
1
m
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
j
)
\sum_{j=1}^{m}(\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{ij})
∑j=1m(∑i=1naij) 或者
∑
i
=
1
n
(
∑
j
=
1
m
a
i
j
)
\sum_{i=1}^{n}(\sum_{j=1}^{m} a_{ij})
∑i=1n(∑j=1maij)
三、双重求和∑∑交换求和顺序
第i行的元素的和记为Ri:
R
i
=
∑
j
=
1
m
a
i
j
=
a
i
1
+
a
i
2
+
.
.
.
+
a
i
m
R_{i} = \sum_{j=1}^{m} a_{ij} = a_{i1} + a_{i2} + ... + a_{im}
Ri=j=1∑maij=ai1+ai2+...+aim
一共有n行,所有行元素的和,即数表所有元素的和记为S:
S
=
∑
i
=
1
n
R
i
=
∑
i
=
1
n
(
∑
j
=
1
m
a
i
j
)
S = \sum_{i=1}^{n}R_{i} = \sum_{i=1}^{n}(\sum_{j=1}^{m} a_{ij})
S=i=1∑nRi=i=1∑n(j=1∑maij)
第j列的元素的和记为Cj:
C
j
=
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
j
=
a
1
j
+
a
2
j
+
.
.
.
+
a
n
j
C_{j} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{ij} = a_{1j} + a_{2j} + ... + a_{nj}
Cj=i=1∑naij=a1j+a2j+...+anj
一共有m列,所有列元素的和,即数表所有元素的和记为S:
S
=
∑
j
=
1
m
C
j
=
∑
j
=
1
m
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
j
)
S = \sum_{j=1}^{m}C_{j} = \sum_{j=1}^{m}(\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{ij})
S=j=1∑mCj=j=1∑m(i=1∑naij)
所以
∑
i
=
1
n
(
∑
j
=
1
m
a
i
j
)
=
∑
j
=
1
m
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
j
)
\sum_{i=1}^{n}(\sum_{j=1}^{m} a_{ij}) = \sum_{j=1}^{m}(\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{ij})
i=1∑n(j=1∑maij)=j=1∑m(i=1∑naij)
也可以写成
∑
1
<
=
i
<
=
n
,
1
<
=
j
<
=
m
a
i
j
\sum_{1<=i<=n,1<=j<=m}a_{ij}
∑1<=i<=n,1<=j<=maij
即二重和的和号(求和次序)可以交换。
但要注意,但求和项数变为无穷或者(一个或两个)和号变为积分号时,往往要求级数收敛或者函数可积,相应的交换和号的结论才能成立。
Example 1
∑
i
=
1
4
∑
j
=
1
i
f
(
i
,
j
)
\sum_{i=1}^{4} \sum_{j=1}^{i} f(i, j)
∑i=14∑j=1if(i,j)交换求和次序后是什么样的呢?
A.
∑
j
=
1
i
∑
i
=
1
4
f
(
i
,
j
)
\sum_{j=1}^{i} \sum_{i=1}^{4} f(i, j)
∑j=1i∑i=14f(i,j)
B.
∑
j
=
1
4
∑
i
=
1
j
f
(
i
,
j
)
\sum_{j=1}^{4} \sum_{i=1}^{j} f(i, j)
∑j=14∑i=1jf(i,j)
C.
∑
j
=
1
4
∑
i
=
j
4
f
(
i
,
j
)
\sum_{j=1}^{4} \sum_{i=j}^{4} f(i, j)
∑j=14∑i=j4f(i,j)
因为[1<= i <= 4][1<= j<= i] = [1<= j <= i <= 4] = [1<= j<= 4][ j <= i <= 4]
所以 选C,也可以穷举出所有元素,如果将i作为行号,j作为列号,对于
∑
i
=
1
4
∑
j
=
1
i
f
(
i
,
j
)
\sum_{i=1}^{4} \sum_{j=1}^{i} f(i, j)
∑i=14∑j=1if(i,j),你会发现这些元素的排列类似于下三角矩阵的形式(按行求和),然后将按行求和切换为按列求和,也会得到C答案。
Example 2
求
∑
k
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
k
i
a
i
j
k
(
k
+
1
)
\sum_{k=1}^{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{ ia_{ij}}{k(k + 1)}
∑k=1n∑i=1kk(k+1)iaij交换求和次序后的表达式。
同样的,[1<= k <= n][1<= i<= k] = [1<= i <= k <= n] = [1<= i<= n][ i <= k <= n]
所以,
∑
i
=
1
n
∑
k
=
i
n
i
a
i
j
k
(
k
+
1
)
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{k=i}^{n} \frac{ ia_{ij}}{k(k + 1)}
∑i=1n∑k=ink(k+1)iaij,如果将i作为行号,k作为列号,对于
∑
k
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
k
i
a
i
j
k
(
k
+
1
)
\sum_{k=1}^{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{ ia_{ij}}{k(k + 1)}
∑k=1n∑i=1kk(k+1)iaij ,你会发现这些元素的排列类似于上三角矩阵的形式(按列求和),然后将按列求和切换为按行求和。
Example 3
∑
k
=
1
n
(
k
(
∑
i
=
1
k
i
2
a
i
)
(
2
k
(
k
+
1
)
)
2
)
\sum_{k=1}^{n}(k( \sum_{i=1}^{k}\frac{ i^2}{a_{i}}) (\frac{2}{k(k + 1)})^2)
∑k=1n(k(∑i=1kaii2)(k(k+1)2)2) =
4
∑
k
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
k
i
2
a
i
k
k
(
k
+
1
)
2
4\sum_{k=1}^{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k}\frac{ i^2}{a_{i}} \frac{k}{k(k + 1)^2}
4∑k=1n∑i=1kaii2k(k+1)2k =
4
∑
i
=
1
n
i
2
a
i
∑
k
=
i
n
k
k
(
k
+
1
)
2
4\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{ i^2}{a_{i}} \sum_{k=i}^{n} \frac{k}{k(k + 1)^2}
4∑i=1naii2∑k=ink(k+1)2k
注意,容易出错的地方
(
∑
i
=
1
5
f
(
i
)
)
2
=
(
∑
i
=
1
5
f
(
i
)
)
∗
(
∑
i
=
1
5
f
(
i
)
)
≠
∑
i
=
1
5
∑
i
=
1
5
f
(
i
)
f
(
i
)
=
∑
i
=
1
5
∑
i
=
1
5
f
2
(
i
)
\left(\sum_{i=1}^{5} f(i)\right)^{2}=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{5} f(i)\right) *\left(\sum_{i=1}^{5} f(i)\right) ≠ \sum_{i=1}^{5} \sum_{i=1}^{5} f(i) f(i) = \sum_{i=1}^{5} \sum_{i=1}^{5} f^2(i)
(∑i=15f(i))2=(∑i=15f(i))∗(∑i=15f(i))=∑i=15∑i=15f(i)f(i)=∑i=15∑i=15f2(i)
而是
(
∑
i
=
1
5
f
(
i
)
)
2
=
(
∑
i
=
1
5
f
(
i
)
)
∗
(
∑
i
=
1
5
f
(
i
)
)
=
∑
i
=
1
5
∑
j
=
1
5
f
(
i
)
f
(
j
)
\left(\sum_{i=1}^{5} f(i)\right)^{2}=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{5} f(i)\right) *\left(\sum_{i=1}^{5} f(i)\right) = \sum_{i=1}^{5} \sum_{j=1}^{5} f(i) f(j)
(∑i=15f(i))2=(∑i=15f(i))∗(∑i=15f(i))=∑i=15∑j=15f(i)f(j)
–更详细内容可阅读《具体数学》第二章 和式