1.检查重复元素
下面的方法可以检查给定列表中是否有重复的元素。它使用了 set() 属性,该属性将会从列表中删除重复的元素。
def all_unique(lst):
return len(lst) == len(set(lst))
x = [1,1,2,2,3,2,3,4,5,6]
y = [1,2,3,4,5]
all_unique(x) # False
all_unique(y) # True
2.变位词
检测两个字符串是否互为变位词(即互相颠倒字符顺序)
from collections import Counter
def anagram(first, second):
return Counter(first) == Counter(second)
anagram("abcd3", "3acdb") # True
3.检查内存使用情况
import sys
variable = 30
print(sys.getsizeof(variable)) # 24
4.字节大小计算
以下方法将以字节为单位返回字符串长度。
def byte_size(string):
return(len(string.encode( utf-8 )))
byte_size( 😀 ) # 4
byte_size( Hello World ) # 11
5.重复打印字符n次
n = 2;
s ="Programming"; print(s * n);
# ProgrammingProgramming
6.首字母大写
s = "programming is awesome"
print(s.title()) # Programming Is Awesome
7.分块
from math import ceil
def chunk(lst, size):
return list(
map(lambda x: lst[x * size:x * size + size],
list(range(0, ceil(len(lst) / size)))))
chunk([1,2,3,4,5],2) # [[1,2],[3,4],5]
8.压缩
以下方法使用 fliter() 删除列表中的错误值(如:False, None, 0 和“”)
def compact(lst):
return list(filter(bool, lst))
compact([0, 1, False, 2, , 3, a , s , 34]) # [ 1, 2, 3, a , s , 34 ]
9.间隔数
以下代码段可以用来转换一个二维数组。
array = [[ a , b ], [ c , d ], [ e , f ]]
transposed = zip(*array)
print(transposed) # [( a , c , e ), ( b , d , f )]
10.链式比较
以下代码可以在一行中用各种操作符进行多次比较。
a = 3
print( 2 < a < 8) # True
print(1 == a < 2) # False
11.逗号分隔
hobbies = ["basketball", "football", "swimming"]
print("My hobbies are: " + ", ".join(hobbies)) # My hobbies are: basketball, football, swimming
12.计算元音字母数
import re
def count_vowels(str):
return len(len(re.findall(r [aeiou] , str, re.IGNORECASE)))
count_vowels( foobar ) # 3
count_vowels( gym ) # 0
13.首字母恢复小写
def decapitalize(string):
return str[:1].lower() + str[1:]
decapitalize( FooBar ) # fooBar
decapitalize( FooBar ) # fooBar
14.平面化
以下方法使用递归来展开潜在的深度列表。
def spread(arg):
ret = []
for i in arg:
if isinstance(i, list):
ret.extend(i)
else:
ret.append(i)
return ret
def deep_flatten(lst):
result = []
result.extend(
spread(list(map(lambda x: deep_flatten(x) if type(x) == list else x, lst))))
return result
deep_flatten([1, [2], [[3], 4], 5]) # [1,2,3,4,5]
15.差异
def difference(a, b):
set_a = set(a)
set_b = set(b)
comparison = set_a.difference(set_b)
return list(comparison)
difference([1,2,3], [1,2,4]) # [3]
16.寻找差异
def difference_by(a, b, fn):
b = set(map(fn, b))
return [item for item in a if fn(item) not in b]
from math import floor
difference_by([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4],floor) # [1.2]
difference_by([{ x : 2 }, { x : 1 }], [{ x : 1 }], lambda v : v[ x ]) # [ { x: 2 } ]
17.链式函数调用
def add(a, b):
return a + b
def subtract(a, b):
return a - b
a, b = 4, 5
print((subtract if a > b else add)(a, b)) # 9
18.检查重复元素
def has_duplicates(lst):
return len(lst) != len(set(lst))
x = [1,2,3,4,5,5]
y = [1,2,3,4,5]
has_duplicates(x) # True
has_duplicates(y) # False
19.合并两个字典
def merge_two_dicts(a, b):
c = a.copy() # make a copy of a
c.update(b) # modify keys and values of a with the ones from b
return c
a = { x : 1, y : 2}
b = { y : 3, z : 4}
print(merge_two_dicts(a, b)) # { y : 3, x : 1, z : 4}
#在python3.5版本后你还可以:
def merge_dictionaries(a, b)
return {**a, **b}
a = { x : 1, y : 2}
b = { y : 3, z : 4}
print(merge_dictionaries(a, b)) # { y : 3, x : 1, z : 4}
20.将两个列表转化成一个字典
def to_dictionary(keys, values):
return dict(zip(keys, values))
keys = ["a", "b", "c"]
values = [2, 3, 4]
print(to_dictionary(keys, values)) # { a : 2, c : 4, b : 3}
21.使用枚举
以下方法将字典作为输入,然后仅返回该字典中的键。
list = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
for index, element in enumerate(list):
print("Value", element, "Index ", index, )
# ( Value , a , Index , 0)
# ( Value , b , Index , 1)
#( Value , c , Index , 2)
# ( Value , d , Index , 3)
22.计算需要的时间
import time
start_time = time.time()
a = 1
b = 2
c = a + b
print(c) #3
end_time = time.time()
total_time = end_time - start_time
print("Time: ", total_time)
# ( Time: , 1.1205673217773438e-05)
23.Try else指令
你可以将 else 子句作为 try/except 块的一部分,如果没有抛出异常,则执行该子句。
try:
2*3
except TypeError:
print("An exception was raised")
else:
print("Thank God, no exceptions were raised.")
#Thank God, no exceptions were raised.
24.查找最常见元素
以下方法返回列表中出现的最常见元素。
def most_frequent(list):
return max(set(list), key = list.count)
list = [1,2,1,2,3,2,1,4,2]
most_frequent(list)
25.回文
以下方法可检查给定的字符串是否为回文结构。该方法首先将字符串转换为小写,然后从中删除非字母数字字符。最后,它会将新的字符串与反转版本进行比较。
def palindrome(string):
from re import sub
s = sub( [W_] , , string.lower())
return s == s[::-1]
palindrome( taco cat ) # True
26.没有 if-else 语句的简单计算器
import operator
action = {
"+": operator.add,
"-": operator.sub,
"/": operator.truediv,
"*": operator.mul,
"**": pow
}
print(action[ - ](50, 25)) # 25
27.元素顺序打乱
from copy import deepcopy
from random import randint
def shuffle(lst):
temp_lst = deepcopy(lst)
m = len(temp_lst)
while (m):
m -= 1
i = randint(0, m)
temp_lst[m], temp_lst[i] = temp_lst[i], temp_lst[m]
return temp_lst
foo = [1,2,3]
shuffle(foo) # [2,3,1] , foo = [1,2,3]
28.列表扁平化
def spread(arg):
ret = []
for i in arg:
if isinstance(i, list):
ret.extend(i)
else:
ret.append(i)
return ret
spread([1,2,3,[4,5,6],[7],8,9]) # [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
29.变量变换
def swap(a, b):
return b, a
a, b = -1, 14
swap(a, b) # (14, -1)
30.获取确实键的默认值
d = { a : 1, b : 2}
print(d.get( c , 3)) # 3