- 同步容器类包括Vector和Hashtable,与之对应的非同步的容器是ArrayList和HashMap
例一
package com.imeiren.java;
import java.util.Vector;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final Vector<String> vector = new Vector<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
vector.add(Integer.toString(i));
}
Thread getThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
getLast(vector);
}
});
Thread deleteThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
deleteLast(vector);
}
});
getThread.start();
deleteThread.start();
}
public static Object getLast(Vector vector) {
int lastIndex = vector.size() - 1;
return vector.get(lastIndex);
}
public static void deleteLast(Vector vector) {
int lastIndex = vector.size() - 1;
vector.remove(lastIndex);
}
}
有两个线程同时操作一个集合Vector,一个线程是做get操作,另一个线程是做remove操作。有可能会出现下面这个异常:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Array index out of range: 9
at java.util.Vector.get(Unknown Source)
at com.imeiren.java.Main.main(Main.java:16)
也就是在两个方法获得的lastIndex是相同的,然后先remove,再get,这样就出错了。
类似单线程下这段代码:
int lastIndex = vector.size() - 1;
if (lastIndex >= 0) {
vector.remove(lastIndex);
vector.get(lastIndex);
}
所以我们需要对集合加锁。
例二
package com.imeiren.java;
import java.util.Vector;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final Vector<String> vector = new Vector<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
vector.add(Integer.toString(i));
}
Thread getThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int size = vector.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
System.out.println(vector.get(i));
}
}
});
Thread deleteThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int size = vector.size();
if (size >= 1) {
vector.remove(size - 1);
}
}
});
getThread.start();
deleteThread.start();
}
}
同样是两个线程,一个线程遍历所有的元素输出,另一个线程删除最后一个元素。这段代码会抛出异常:
Exception in thread "Thread-0" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Array index out of range: 9
at java.util.Vector.get(Unknown Source)
at com.imeiren.java.Main$1.run(Main.java:19)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
所以在单线程下安全的一些代码,在并发情况下并不见得就是线程安全的。
例三
for (String string : vector) {
vector.remove(string);
}
假如我们遍历一个集合,并依次删除其元素。这样的方式是会抛出下面这个异常:
Exception in thread "Thread-1" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.AbstractList$Itr.checkForComodification(Unknown Source)
at java.util.AbstractList$Itr.next(Unknown Source)
at com.imeiren.java.Main$2.run(Main.java:27)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
这个在单线程情况下也会发生。
例四
package com.imeiren.java;
import java.util.Vector;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final Vector<String> vector = new Vector<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
vector.add(Integer.toString(i));
}
Thread getThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
for (String string : vector) {
System.out.println(string);
}
}
});
Thread deleteThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int size = vector.size();
if (size >= 1) {
vector.remove(size-1);
}
}
});
getThread.start();
deleteThread.start();
}
}
同样是两个线程,一个线程进行遍历输出,另一个线程进行删除操作。这段代码会抛出下面这个异常:
Exception in thread "Thread-0" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.AbstractList$Itr.checkForComodification(Unknown Source)
at java.util.AbstractList$Itr.next(Unknown Source)
at com.imeiren.java.Main$1.run(Main.java:17)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
为了避免这个异常我们一般情况是对集合进行加锁:
Thread getThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
synchronized (vector) {
for (String string : vector) {
System.out.println(string);
}
}
}
});
这样在遍历输出线程中持有集合对象的锁,在这个操作期间其他需要操作集合的线程都必须进入等待状态。故可解决并发修改异常。
然而开发者并不希望这样加个锁在大的集合上面。那么另外一个解决的方法就是克隆容器,在副本上面进行操作。如
Vector<String> copy = (Vector<String>) vector.clone();
for (String string : copy) {
System.out.println(string);
}
当然克隆也是需要一定的开销。这个时候就需要根据实际情况来选择使用哪种解决方案。
例五
package com.imeiren.java;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Set;
public class HiddenIterator {
private final Set<Integer> set=new HashSet<Integer>();
public synchronized void add(Integer integer){
set.add(integer);
}
public synchronized void remove(Integer integer){
set.remove(integer);
}
public void addTenThings() {
Random r=new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
add(r.nextInt());
}
System.out.println(set);
}
}
假如我们有这样一个类,其中一个addTenThings往一个集合里面添加10个元素,并输出集合。
我们的测试代码如下:
package com.imeiren.java;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final HiddenIterator obj = new HiddenIterator();
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
obj.addTenThings();
}
});
}
executorService.shutdown();
}
}
开一个线程池来执行5个并发线程往集合里面添加元素。我们会得到下面这个异常:
Exception in thread "pool-1-thread-4" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(Unknown Source)
at java.util.HashMap$KeyIterator.next(Unknown Source)
at java.util.AbstractCollection.toString(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.String.valueOf(Unknown Source)
at java.io.PrintStream.println(Unknown Source)
at com.imeiren.java.HiddenIterator.addTenThings(HiddenIterator.java:23)
at com.imeiren.java.Main$1.run(Main.java:16)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.runTask(Unknown Source)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
针对上面的代码,我们有两个解决方案。第一,对输出部分上锁:
public void addTenThings() {
Random r = new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
add(r.nextInt());
}
synchronized (this) {
System.out.println(set);
}
}
我们看到add方法其实是已经加锁,只是下面的println方法需要加锁。这样两次对集合的操作都已经加锁,我们开15个线程来测试也没出现问题。
第二个解决方案是对整个addTenThings加锁:
public synchronized void addTenThings() {
Random r = new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
set.add(r.nextInt());//注意这里换成直接操作set
}
System.out.println(set);
}