心理统计学 笔记 (一) 基础参数符号

主目录

在知道心理统计学之前，我一直以为它和我们数学系的统计学是一个东西。通过早上的阅读学习中发现（是的 我就是学了半天小白），虽然它们背后的原理一样，但侧重点完全不同（我也没怎么正经学过数理统计），心理统计学 为 对统计数据 应用层面的分析。
此笔记主要为（非理科专业）以后分析数据时 对参数的解释 更方便的查阅。
参考资料《Discovering Statistics》
将随着其他笔记，持续补充并添加超链接。

一. 基础参数符号

1.1. Mathematical Operators

1.1.1. $\sum ,\prod$

• $\sum$ : Sum of

  • $\sum _{i=0}^N{x}_i=\underset{N-0}{\underbrace{x_0+x_1+\cdots +x_N}}$

• $\prod$ : Prod of

  • $\prod _{i=0}^N{x}_i=\underset{N-0}{\underbrace{x_0\times x_1\times \cdots \times x_N}}$

1.1.2. $\sqrt{x},ln,\bar{X}$

• $\sqrt{x}$: square root of $x$
• $ln$ : natural logarithm, $\ln (x)={\log }_e(x)$
• $\bar{X}$ : the mean of a sample

1.2. Greek symbols

1.2.1. $\alpha ,\beta ,{\beta }_i,ϵ$

• $\alpha$ : Alpha probability of making a Type I error.
  • Type I error corresponds to convicting an innocent defendant. (Wikipedia)
• $\beta$ : Beta probability of making a Type II error.

$H_0$	Accepted $H_0$	Rejected $H_0$
$H_0$ True	TRUE	Type I error
$H_0$ False	Type II error	TRUE

• ${\beta }_i$ : the standarized regression coefficient.
  • eg. The population regression model
    $$Y={\beta }_0+{\beta }_1{X}_1+{\beta }_2{X}_2+ϵ$$
  • $b_i$ : the unstandarized regression coefficient
• $ϵ$ : Epsilon, stands for “error”, also for sphericity.
  • $e_i$ : the error associated with i th term

1.2.2. $\mu ,\rho ,\sigma$

• $\mu$ : Mu, mean of a popluation of scores
• $\rho$ : Rho, correlation in the population; also for Spearman’s correlation coeffiecient
• $\sigma$ : standard deviation in a population of data
  • ${\sigma }^2$ : variance in a populaiton of data
  • ${\sigma }_{\bar{X}}$ : standard error of the mean same as $S{E}_{D_{\bar{x}}}$

1.2.3. $\tau ,\varphi ,\chi$

• $\tau$ : Kendall’s tau (non-parametric correlation coefficient)
• $\varphi$ : Phi, measure of association between two categorical variables, also denote for the dispersion parameter in logistic regression.
• ${\chi }^2$ : Chi square, a test statistic that quantifies the association between two categorical variables.
  • ${\chi }_F^2$ : a test statistic in Friedman’s ANOVA, a non-parametric test of differences between related means

1.2.4. $\eta ,\omega$

• ${\eta }^2$ : Eta square, an effect size measure
• ${\omega }^2$: Omega square, an effect size measure

1.3. Latin symbols

1.3.1 $b,k,r,s,z$

• $b_i$ : the unstandarized regression coefficient
• $k$ : The number of levels of a variable or the number of predictors in a regression model
• $r$ : Person’s correlation coefficient
  • $r_s$ : Spearman;s rank correlation coefficient
  • $r_b$ : Biserial correlation coefficient
  • $r_{pb}$ : Point-biserial correlation coefficient
• $s$ : The standard deviation of a sample of data
  • $s^2$ : The variance of a sample of data
• $z$ : a data point expressed in standard deviation units

1.3.2 Sample $N,n,n_i$

• $N$ : total sample size
• $n,n_i$ : size of particular group

1.3.3. Statistic $t,F,H,T,U,W$

• $t$ : Testicle statistic for a t-test
• $F$ : F-statistic
• $H$ : Kruskal-Wallis test statistic
• $T$ : Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs signed-rank test
• $U$ : Mann-Whitney test
• $W_s$ : Rilcoxon’s wank-sum test

1.3.4. Capital $SE,MS,P,R,SS$

• $SE$: Standard Error of Mean, same as ${\sigma }_{\bar{X}}$
• $MS$ : The mean square error, the average variability in the data
• $P$ : Probability
  • $p$ : the probability value, p-value or significance ot a test
• $R$ : the multiple correlation coefficient
  • $R^2$ : the coefficient of determination (proportion of data explained by the model)
• $SS$ : The sum of squares, or sum of square errors
  • $S{S}_A$ : The sum of squares for variable A
  • $S{S}_M$ : The model sum of squares (variability explained by the model fitted to the data)
  • $S{S}_R$ : The residual sum of suares (variability thate the model can’t explain - error in the model)
  • $S{S}_T$ : The total sum of square (total variability within the data)

1.3.5. $df$

• $df$ : Degree of freedom

1.4. Others

统计指标	统计量（样本）	参数（总量）
平均数 Mean	$\bar{x}$	$\mu$
标准差 Standard Deviation	$s$	$\sigma$
相关系数 Correlation	$r$	$\rho$
回归系数 Regression	$b$	$\beta$

二.

心理统计学 笔记 (二)