Python学习(1)

列表

#列表
bycicle = ["1","2","3"]
print(bycicle)
print(bycicle[0])
print(bycicle[-1]) #下标为-1即为最后一列.空列表会返回索引错误
#修改列名
bycicle[0] = "0"
print(bycicle)
#元素添加到列表末尾
bycicle.append("4")
print(bycicle)
#在固定位置添加元素
bycicle.insert(0,"0")
print(bycicle)
#删除元素
del bycicle[0]
print(bycicle)
# 删除末尾元素
bycicle.pop()
print(bycicle)

# 删除列表的值,若有就删除，没有则不变
bycicle.remove("3")
print(bycicle)

#列表
cars = ["benz","bmw","audi","toyota"]
# 升序排列，没有修改列表的值
print(sorted(cars))
print(cars) #由此可见
# 升序排列，修改列表的值
cars.sort()
print(cars)

# 逆序排列，已经修改了列表的顺序
cars.sort(reverse = True)
print(cars)
#列表长度
print(len(cars))

#列表
cars = ["benz","bmw","audi","toyota"]
#注意冒号
for car in cars :
    print(car + "is in this list")

#前闭后开原则
for i in range(1,4):
    print(i)

number = list(range(1, 4))
print(number) #[1, 2, 3]

#步长为 2
number = list(range(1, 10, 2))
print(number) #[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

#列表
square = [value**2 for value in range(1,10)]
print(square)
print(square[0:6]) #等价于print(square[ :6])
print(square[2: ]) #输出第3个元素直到末尾
print(square[-5: ]) #负数返回离列表末尾相应的元素

print(min(square))
print(max(square))
print(sum(square))

元组

#元组
dimension = (200,50)
print(dimension[0])
for i in dimension:
    print(i)
'''
dimension[0] = 1
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
'''
#可以重新定义元组
dimension = (400,1000)
print(dimension)
'''

#元组
available_topping = ['mushrooms', 'olives', 'green peppers', 'vegatables']
requeset_topping = ['mushrooms', 'frensh fries', 'vegatables']

for request in requeset_topping:
    if request in available_topping:
        print(request + " is in this list")
    else:
        print(request + " isn't in this list")

字典

#字典
alien = {'color': 'green','point': 5}
print(alien)
# 直接添加键值对
alien['x_position'] = 15;
alien['y_position'] = 20;
print(alien)

#永久删除point键值对
del alien['point']
print(alien)

#字典
user = {
    'username' : 'lhw',
    'age': "22",
    'school': 'zzu'
    }
for key, value in user.items():
    print("\nKey: " + key );
    print("Value: " + value);

for key in user.keys():
    print(key)

for value in user.values():
    print(value)

#字典
people_language = {
    'Mike' : 'C',
    'jen' : 'python',
    'john' : 'java',
    'phil' : 'python'
    }
# set不显示重复项
for language in set(people_language.values()):
    print(language)

#字典&&列表,外星人例子
aliens = []
for i in range(30):
    new_alien = {'color': 'green','speed' : 'medium', 'points' : 5}
    aliens.append(new_alien)

print("length = " + str(len((aliens))))
for alien in aliens[0:3]:
    alien['color'] = 'yellow'
    alien['points'] = 10

for alien in aliens[0:5]:
    print(alien)

# pizza例子,存储节点披萨的信息
pizza = {
    'crust' : 'thick',
    'toppings': ['mishrooms','extra cheese']
    }
print(pizza)
print("pizza's crust is :" + pizza['crust'])
print("pizza's toppings are: ")
for topping in pizza['toppings'] :
     print("\t " + topping)

# 字典中单个字段对应多个值，需要注意加中括号[]
people_language = {
    'Mike' :['c','java'] ,
    'jen' : ['python','solidity'],
    'john' : ['java','javascript'],
    'phil' : ['python']
    }
for name,languanges in people_language.items():
    print(name)
    for languange in languanges :
        print(languange)
    print("\n")

如果将'phil' : ['python']，改为 ‘phil' : 'python'，运行结果下图所示

更复杂的字典：

6-11 城市：创建一个名为cities 的字典，其中将三个城市名用作键；对于每座城
市，都创建一个字典，并在其中包含该城市所属的国家、人口约数以及一个有关该城市的事实。在表示每座城市的字典中，应包含country、population 和fact 等键。将每座城市的名字以及有关它们的信息都打印出来。

cities = {
    'hangzhou' : {
        'country' : 'China',
        'population' : 1000000,
        'fact' : 'xihu'
    },
    'NewYork': {
        'country': 'US',
        'population': 10000000,
        'fact': 'qian'
    },
    'London': {
        'country': 'England',
        'population': 10000000,
         'fact': 'yingguo'
     }
}
for name, info in cities.items():
    print("城市名字是：" + name)
    for key in info.keys():
        print(key + " : " + str(info[key]))

class

定义

class Restaurant():
    """A class representing a restaurant."""

    def __init__(self, name, cuisine_type):
        """Initialize the restaurant."""
        self.name = name.title()
        self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
        self.number = 0

    def describe_restaurant(self):
        """Display a summary of the restaurant."""
        msg = self.name + " serves wonderful " + self.cuisine_type + "."
        print("\n" + msg)

    def open_restaurant(self):
        """Display a message that the restaurant is open."""
        msg = self.name + " is open. Come on in!"
        print("\n" + msg)

    def set_number(self, _number):
        self.number = _number
        print("人数是：" + str(self.number))

    def update_number(self, _number):
        self.number += _number
        print("人数是：" + str(self.number))

restaurant = Restaurant('the mean queen', 'pizza')
restaurant.set_number(100)
restaurant.update_number(100)
# print(restaurant.name)
# print(restaurant.cuisine_type)
#
# restaurant.describe_restaurant()
# restaurant.open_restaurant()

继承和重载

class User():
    """Represent a simple user profile."""

    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, username, email, location):
        """Initialize the user."""
        self.first_name = first_name.title()
        self.last_name = last_name.title()
        self.username = username
        self.email = email
        self.location = location.title()
        self.login_attempts = 0

    def describe_user(self):
        """Display a summary of the user's information."""
        print("\n" + self.first_name + " " + self.last_name)
        print("  Username: " + self.username)
        print("  Email: " + self.email)
        print("  Location: " + self.location)

    def greet_user(self):
        """Display a personalized greeting to the user."""
        print("\nWelcome back, " + self.username + "!")

    def increment_login_attempts(self):
        """Increment the value of login_attempts."""
        self.login_attempts += 1

    def reset_login_attempts(self):
        """Reset login_attempts to 0."""
        self.login_attempts = 0

# eric = User('eric', 'matthes', 'e_matthes', 'e_matthes@example.com', 'alaska')
# eric.describe_user()
# eric.greet_user()
#
# print("\nMaking 3 login attempts...")
# eric.increment_login_attempts()
# eric.increment_login_attempts()
# eric.increment_login_attempts()
# print("  Login attempts: " + str(eric.login_attempts))
#
# print("Resetting login attempts...")
# eric.reset_login_attempts()
# print("  Login attempts: " + str(eric.login_attempts))


class Admin(User):
    def __init__(self,first_name, last_name, username, email, location):
        super().__init__(first_name, last_name, username, email, location)
        self.privileges = []
    def show_privileges(self):
        print("privileges: " + str(self.privileges))

admin = Admin('1','2','3','4','5')
admin.privileges = ["121",'12121','1212']
admin.show_privileges()

导入类

导入部分类

from module_name import class_0, class_1 ...

导入整个模块

import module_name
# 使用方式为
module_name.class_name()

导入模块所有类

from module_name import *

python标准库

有序字典

有序字典和无序字典比较：https://www.cnblogs.com/gide/p/6370082.html

from collection import OrderedDict

随机数

from random import randint

class Die():
    def __init__(self,sides = 6):
        self.sides = sides
    def roll_die(self):
        print("色子数是：" + str(randint(1,self.sides)))

die1 = Die()
die1.roll_die()
die2 = Die(10)
die2.roll_die()
die3 = Die(20)
die3.roll_die()

文件

• 读 ’r’
• 写 ‘w’
• 附加 ‘a’
• 读写 ’r+’

读文件

with open("pi.txt") as pi:
    contents = pi.read()
    print(contents)
    # 消除空格，加上rstrip（）

文件路径

# Windows下是反斜杠\
# Linux和OS X下是斜杠/
'text_files / file_name,txt'

逐行读取

file_name  = "pi.txt"

with open(file_name) as file_object:
    for line in file_object:
        print(line.rstrip())

创建一个包含文件各行内容的列表

file_name  = "pi.txt"

with open(file_name) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()
    for line in lines:
        print(line.rstrip())

使用文件中的内容

'''逐行读取'''
file_name  = "pi.txt"

with open(file_name) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()
    string = ''
    for line in lines:
        string += line
    print(string)

三种读取方式

file_name  = "pi.txt"
list = []

with open(file_name) as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read()
    print(contents)

with open(file_name) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()
    for line in lines:
        print(line.rstrip())
        list.append(line.rstrip())
print(list)

写文件

file_name  = "pi.txt"

with open(file_name,'a') as file_object:
    file_object.write(" append")

with open(file_name,'r') as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read()
    print(contents)

写入多行记得使用换行符

异常处理

'''处理文件无法找到异常'''
file_name  = "pi.txt"

while True:
    name = input("请输入您的姓名：")
    try:
        with open(file_name,'a') as file_object:
            file_object.write(str(name) + "\n")
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print("文件" + file_name + "无法找到")
    else:
        print("你好, " + name)

'''统计单词数目'''
def count_words(file_name):
    try:
        with open(file_name,'r') as file_object:
            contents = file_object.read()
    except FileNotFoundError:
    	#pass语句什么也不做
        pass
    else:
        # 计算文件包含多少个单词，通过空格分割
        words = contents.split()
        return (len(words))


print(count_words('pi.txt'))

'''加法计算器'''
def add(para1, para2):
    try:
        sum = int(para1) + int(para2)
    except ValueError:
        print("值类型错误")
    else:
        print("和是：" + str(sum))

while True:
    para1 = input('加数')
    para2 = input('加数')
    add(para1,para2)

读取GBK编码异常：

UnicodeDecodeError: 'gbk' codec can't decode byte 0x9d in position 1160

解决方式如下：在open函数添加编码格式

# 统计字符串出现次数
file_path2 = 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain.txt'
try:
    with open(file_path2,'r',encoding='UTF-8') as file_object2:
        content_dog = file_object2.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    pass
else:
    print("'dog'出现次数：\n" + str(content_dog.lower().count('the')))

JSON

JSON文件中至少是

[]

json.dump()

import json

numbers = ['1','2',3,423,232]

with open('txt\\dog.txt','a') as file_object:
    json.dump(numbers,file_object)

json.load()

import json

with open('json\\number.json') as file_object:
    string = json.load(file_object)
print(string)

文件内容为  "qd"