13 Trait

pub trait Summary { fn summarize(&self) -> String; } pub struct NewsArticle { pub headline: String, pub location: String, pub author: String, pub content: String, } impl Summary for NewsArticle { fn summarize(&self) -> String { format!("{},by {} ({})", self.headline, self.author, self.location) } } pub struct Tweet { pub username: String, pub content: String, pub reply: bool, pub retweet: bool, } impl Summary for Tweet { fn summarize(&self) -> String { format!("{}:{}", self.username, self.content) } }

extern crate demo; use demo::{Tweet, Summary}; fn main() { let tweet = Tweet { username: "horse_ebooks".to_string(), content: "hello world".to_string(), reply: false, retweet: false, }; println!("1 new tweet: {}", tweet.summarize()); }

但是多了之后函数签名就不美观，可以用where

fn main() { let number_list = [34, 1, 3, 6]; let result = largest(&number_list); println!("{}", result); } fn largest<T>(list: &[T]) -> T { let mut largest = list[0]; for &item in list {//item不加&就是对&i32 在item前面价格&，&item类型就是i32 相当于发生了解构 if item > largest { largest = item } } largest } 这个代码会报错 error[E0369]: binary operation `>` cannot be applied to type `T` --> src/main.rs:10:17 | 10 | if item > largest { | ---- ^ ------- T | | | T | help: consider restricting type parameter `T` | 7 | fn largest<T: std::cmp::PartialOrd>(list: &[T]) -> T { | ++++++++++++++++++++++

fn main() { let number_list = [34, 1, 3, 6]; let result = largest(&number_list); println!("{}", result); } fn largest<T: PartialOrd>(list: &[T]) -> T { let mut largest = list[0]; for &item in list {//item不加&就是对&i32 在item前面价格&，&item类型就是i32 相当于发生了解构 if item > largest { largest = item } } largest } 加了trait之后还报错 error[E0508]: cannot move out of type `[T]`, a non-copy slice --> src/main.rs:8:23 | 8 | let mut largest = list[0]; | ^^^^^^^ | | | cannot move out of here | move occurs because `list[_]` has type `T`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait | help: consider borrowing here: `&list[0]` error[E0507]: cannot move out of a shared reference --> src/main.rs:9:18 | 9 | for &item in list {//item不加&就是对&i32 在item前面价格&，&item类型就是i32 相当于发生了解构 | ----- ^^^^ | || | |data moved here | |move occurs because `item` has type `T`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait | help: consider removing the `&`: `item` Some errors have detailed explanations: E0507, E0508. For more information about an error, try `rustc --explain E0507`. error: could not compile `demo` due to 2 previous errors

给加上Copy这个trait 代码就可以了。但是仅限于存在栈上的类型，标量

fn main() { let number_list = [34, 1, 3, 6]; let result = largest(&number_list); println!("{}", result); let char_list = ['1', 'a', 'c', 'b']; let result = largest(&char_list); println!("{}", result); } fn largest<T: PartialOrd + Copy>(list: &[T]) -> T { let mut largest = list[0]; for &item in list {//item不加&就是对&i32 在item前面价格&，&item类型就是i32 相当于发生了解构 if item > largest { largest = item } } largest }

但是如果改成String类型呢，就报错

fn main() { /*let number_list = [34, 1, 3, 6]; let result = largest(&number_list); println!("{}", result); let char_list = ['1', 'a', 'c', 'b']; let result = largest(&char_list); println!("{}", result);*/ let string_list = [String::from("hello"), String::from("world")]; let result = largest(&string_list); println!("{}", result); } fn largest<T: PartialOrd + Copy>(list: &[T]) -> T { let mut largest = list[0]; for &item in list {//item不加&就是对&i32 在item前面价格&，&item类型就是i32 相当于发生了解构 if item > largest { largest = item } } largest } error[E0277]: the trait bound `String: Copy` is not satisfied --> src/main.rs:11:26 | 11 | let result = largest(&string_list); | ------- ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the trait `Copy` is not implemented for `String` | | | required by a bound introduced by this call | note: required by a bound in `largest` --> src/main.rs:15:28 | 15 | fn largest<T: PartialOrd + Copy>(list: &[T]) -> T { | ^^^^ required by this bound in `largest`

fn main() { let string_list = [String::from("hello"), String::from("world")]; let result = largest(&string_list); println!("{}", result); } fn largest<T: PartialOrd + Clone>(list: &[T]) -> T { let mut largest = list[0].clone(); for item in list { if item > &largest { largest = item.clone(); } } largest }

use std::fmt::Display; fn main() { let p = Pair::new(String::from("hello"), String::from("world")); p.cmp_display(); // let p = Pair::new(vec!["hello"], vec!["world"]); // p.cmp_display();//报错 ^^^^^^^^^^^ method cannot be called on `Pair<Vec<&str>>` due to unsatisfied trait bounds } struct Pair<T> { y: T, x: T, } impl<T> Pair<T> { fn new(y: T, x: T) -> Self { return Self { y, x }; } } impl<T: Display + PartialOrd> Pair<T> { fn cmp_display(&self) { if self.x >= self.y { println!("the largest number is {}", self.x); } else { println!("the largest number is {}", self.y); } } }

解释上面的意思，示例如下，对所有实现了Display的类型都实现ToString这个trait