Classification algorithms can be used to automatically classify documents, images, implement spam filters and in many other domains. In this tutorial we are going to use Mahout to classify tweets using the Naive Bayes Classifier. The algorithm works by using a training set which is a set of documents already associated to a category. Using this set, the classifier determines for each word, the probability that it makes a document belong to each of the considered categories. To compute the probability that a document belongs to a category, it multiplies together the individual probability of each of its word in this category. The category with the highest probability is the one the document is most likely to belong to.
To get more details on how the Naive Bayes Classifier is implemented, you can look at the mahout wiki page.
This tutorial will give you a step-by-step description on how to create a training set, train the Naive Bayes classifier and then use it to classify new tweets.
Requirement
For this tutorial, you would need:
- jdk >= 1.6
- maven
- hadoop (preferably 1.1.1)
- mahout >= 0.7
To install hadoop and mahout, you can follow the steps described on a previous post that shows how to use the mahout recommender.
When you are done installing hadoop and mahout, make sure you set them in your PATH so you can easily call them:
export PATH=$PATH:[HADOOP_DIR]/bin:$PATH:[MAHOUT_DIR]/bin
In our tutorial, we will limit the tweets to deals by getting the tweets containing the hashtags #deal, #deals and #discount. We will classify them in the following categories:
- apparel (clothes, shoes, watches, …)
- art (Book, DVD, Music, …)
- camera
- event (travel, concert, …)
- health (beauty, spa, …)
- home (kitchen, furniture, garden, …)
- tech (computer, laptop, tablet, …)
You can get the scripts and java programs used in this tutorial from our git repository on github:
$ git clone https://github.com/fredang/mahout-naive-bayes-example.git
You can compile the java programs by typing:
$ mvn clean package assembly:single
Preparing the training set
UPDATE(2013/06/23): this section was updated to support twitter 1.1 api (1.0 was just shutdown).
As preparing the training set is very time consuming, we have provided in the source repository a training set so that you don’t need to build it. The file is data/tweets-train.tsv. If you choose to use it, you can directly jump to the next section.
To prepare a training set, we fetched the tweets with the following hashtags: #deals, #deal or #discount by using the script twitter_fetcher.py. It is using the python-tweepy 2.1 library (make sure to install the latest version as we have to use the twitter 1.1 api now). You can install it by typing:
git clone https://github.com/tweepy/tweepy.git cd tweepy sudo python setup.py install
You need to have consumer keys/secrets and access token key/secrets to use the api. If you don’t have them, simply login on the twitter website then go to: https://dev.twitter.com/apps. Then create a new application.
When you are done, you should see in the section ‘OAuth settings’, the Consumer Key and secret, and in the section ‘Your access token’, the Access Token and the Access Token secret.
Edit the file script/twitter_fetcher.py and change the following lines to use your twitter keys and secrets:
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CONSUMER_KEY='REPLACE_CONSUMER_KEY'
CONSUMER_SECRET='REPLACE_CONSUMER_SECRET'
ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY='REPLACE_ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY'
ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET='REPLACE_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET'
|
You can now run the script:
$ python scripts/twitter_fetcher.py 5 > tweets-train.tsv
Code to fetch tweets:
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import
tweepy
import
sys
CONSUMER_KEY
=
'REPLACE_CONSUMER_KEY'
CONSUMER_SECRET
=
'REPLACE_CONSUMER_SECRET'
ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY
=
'REPLACE_ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY'
ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET
=
'REPLACE_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET'
auth
=
tweepy.OAuthHandler(CONSUMER_KEY, CONSUMER_SECRET)
auth.set_access_token(ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY, ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET)
api
=
tweepy.API(auth)
pageCount
=
5
if
len
(sys.argv) >
=
2
:
pageCount
=
int
(sys.argv[
1
])
hashtags
=
[
'deal'
,
'deals'
,
'discount'
]
for
tag
in
hashtags:
maxId
=
999999999999999999999
for
i
in
range
(
1
, pageCount
+
1
):
results
=
api.search(q
=
'#%s'
%
tag, max_id
=
maxId, count
=
100
)
print
len
(results)
for
result
in
results:
print
result.text
maxId
=
min
(maxId, result.
id
)
# only keep tweets pointing to a web page
if
result.text.find(
"http:"
) !
=
-
1
:
print
"%s %s"
%
(result.
id
, result.text.encode(
'utf-8'
).replace(
'\n'
,
' '
))
|
The file tweets-train.tsv contains a list of tweets in a tab separated value format. The first number is the tweet id followed by the tweet message:
308215054011194110 Limited 3-Box $20 BOGO, Supreme $9 BOGO, PTC Basketball $10 BOGO, Sterling Baseball $20 BOGO, Bowman Chrome $7 http://t.co/WMdbNFLvVZ #deals 308215054011194118 Purchase The Jeopardy! Book by Alex Trebek, Peter Barsocchini for only $4 #book #deals - http://t.co/Aw5EzlQYbs @ThriftBooksUSA 308215054011194146 #Shopping #Bargain #Deals Designer KATHY Van Zeeland Luggage & Bags @ http://t.co/GJC83p8eKh
To transform this into a training set, you can use your favorite editor and add the category of the tweet at the beginning of the line followed by a tab character:
tech 308215054011194110 Limited 3-Box $20 BOGO, Supreme $9 BOGO, PTC Basketball $10 BOGO, Sterling Baseball $20 BOGO, Bowman Chrome $7 http://t.co/WMdbNFLvVZ #deals art 308215054011194118 Purchase The Jeopardy! Book by Alex Trebek, Peter Barsocchini for only $4 #book #deals - http://t.co/Aw5EzlQYbs @ThriftBooksUSA apparel 308215054011194146 #Shopping #Bargain #Deals Designer KATHY Van Zeeland Luggage & Bags @ http://t.co/GJC83p8eKh
Make sure to use tab between the category and the tweet id and between the tweet id and the tweet message.
For the classifier to work properly, this set must have at least 50 tweets messages in each category.
Training the model with Mahout
First we need to convert the training set to the hadoop sequence file format:
$ java -cp target/twitter-naive-bayes-example-1.0-jar-with-dependencies.jar com.chimpler.example.bayes.TweetTSVToSeq data/tweets-train.tsv tweets-seq
The sequence file has as key: /[category]/ and as value: .
Code to convert tweet tsv to sequence file
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public
class
TweetTSVToSeq {
public
static
void
main(String args[])
throws
Exception {
if
(args.length !=
2
) {
System.err.println(
"Arguments: [input tsv file] [output sequence file]"
);
return
;
}
String inputFileName = args[
0
];
String outputDirName = args[
1
];
Configuration configuration =
new
Configuration();
FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(configuration);
Writer writer =
new
SequenceFile.Writer(fs, configuration,
new
Path(outputDirName +
"/chunk-0"
),
Text.
class
, Text.
class
);
int
count =
0
;
BufferedReader reader =
new
BufferedReader(
new
FileReader(inputFileName));
Text key =
new
Text();
Text value =
new
Text();
while
(
true
) {
String line = reader.readLine();
if
(line ==
null
) {
break
;
}
String[] tokens = line.split(
"\t"
,
3
);
if
(tokens.length !=
3
) {
System.out.println(
"Skip line: "
+ line);
continue
;
}
String category = tokens[
0
];
String id = tokens[
1
];
String message = tokens[
2
];
key.set(
"/"
+ category +
"/"
+ id);
value.set(message);
writer.append(key, value);
count++;
}
writer.close();
System.out.println(
"Wrote "
+ count +
" entries."
);
}
}
|
Then we upload this file to HDFS:
$ hadoop fs -put tweets-seq tweets-seq
We can run mahout to transform the training sets into vectors using tfidf weights(term frequency x document frequency):
$ mahout seq2sparse -i tweets-seq -o tweets-vectors
It will generate the following files in HDFS in the directory tweets-vectors:
- df-count: sequence file with association word id => number of document containing this word
- dictionary.file-0: sequence file with association word => word id
- frequency.file-0: sequence file with association word id => word count
- tf-vectors: sequence file with the term frequency for each document
- tfidf-vectors: sequence file with association document id => tfidf weight for each word in the document
- tokenized-documents: sequence file with association document id => list of words
- wordcount: sequence file with association word => word count
In order to do the training and check that the classification works fine, Mahout splits the set into two sets: a training set and a testing set:
$ mahout split -i tweets-vectors/tfidf-vectors --trainingOutput train-vectors --testOutput test-vectors --randomSelectionPct 40 --overwrite --sequenceFiles -xm sequential
We use the training set to train the classifier:
$ mahout trainnb -i train-vectors -el -li labelindex -o model -ow -c
It creates the model(matrix word id x label id) and a label index(association label and label id).
To test that the classifier is working properly on the training set:
$ mahout testnb -i train-vectors -m model -l labelindex -ow -o tweets-testing -c [...] Summary ------------------------------------------------------- Correctly Classified Instances : 314 97.2136% Incorrectly Classified Instances : 9 2.7864% Total Classified Instances : 323 ======================================================= Confusion Matrix ------------------------------------------------------- a b c d e f g <--Classified as 45 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 46 a = apparel 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 | 35 b = art 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 | 34 c = camera 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 | 39 d = event 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 | 23 e = health 1 1 0 0 1 48 2 | 53 f = home 0 0 1 0 1 1 90 | 93 g = tech
And on the testing set:
$ mahout testnb -i test-vectors -m model -l labelindex -ow -o tweets-testing -c [...] Summary ------------------------------------------------------- Correctly Classified Instances : 121 78.0645% Incorrectly Classified Instances : 34 21.9355% Total Classified Instances : 155 ======================================================= Confusion Matrix ------------------------------------------------------- a b c d e f g <--Classified as 27 1 1 1 2 2 2 | 36 a = apparel 1 22 0 2 1 0 0 | 26 b = art 0 1 27 1 0 0 1 | 30 c = camera 0 1 0 23 4 0 0 | 28 d = event 0 1 0 2 9 2 0 | 14 e = health 0 1 1 1 2 13 1 | 19 f = home 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 | 2 g = tech
If the percentage of correctly classified instance is too low, you might need to improve your training set by adding more tweets or by changing your categories to not have too many similar categories or by removing categories that are used very rarely. After you are done with your changes, you would need to restart the training process.
To use the classifier to classify new documents, we would need to copy several files from HDFS:
- model (matrix word id x label id)
- labelindex (mapping between a label and its id)
- dictionary.file-0 (mapping between a word and its id)
- df-count (document frequency: number of documents each word is appearing in)
$ hadoop fs -get labelindex labelindex $ hadoop fs -get model model $ hadoop fs -get tweets-vectors/dictionary.file-0 dictionary.file-0 $ hadoop fs -getmerge tweets-vectors/df-count df-count
To get some new tweets to classify, you can run the twitter fetcher again(or use the one provided in data/tweets-to-classify-tsv):
$ python scripts/twitter_fetcher.py 1 > tweets-to-classify.tsv
Now we can run the classifier on this file:
$ java -cp target/twitter-naive-bayes-example-1.0-jar-with-dependencies.jar com.chimpler.example.bayes.Classifier model labelindex dictionary.file-0 df-count data/tweets-to-classify.tsv Number of labels: 7 Number of documents: 486 Tweet: 309836558624768000 eBay - Porter Cable 18V Ni CAD 2-Tool Combo Kit (Refurbished) $56.99 http://t.co/pCSSlSq2c1 #Deal - http://t.co/QImHB6xJ5b apparel: -252.96630831136127 art: -246.9351025603821 camera: -262.28340417385357 event: -262.5573608070056 health: -238.17884382282813 home: -253.05135616792995 tech: -232.9118 41377148 => tech Tweet: 309836557379043329 Newegg - BenQ GW2750HM 27" Widescreen LED Backlight LCD Monitor $209.99 http://t.co/6ezbjGZIta #Deal - http://t.co/QImHB6xJ5b apparel: -287.5588179141781 art: -284.27401807389435 camera: -278.4968305457808 event: -292.56786244190556 health: -292.22158238362204 home: -281.9809996515652 tech: -253.34354 804349476 => tech Tweet: 309836556355657728 J and R - Roku 3 Streaming Player 4200R $89.99 http://t.co/BAaMEmEdCm #Deal - http://t.co/QImHB6xJ5b apparel: -192.44260718853357 art: -187.6881145121525 camera: -175.8783440835461 event: -191.74948688734446 health: -190.45406023882765 home: -192.9107077937349 tech: -185.52068 485514894 => camera Tweet: 309836555248361472 eBay - Adidas Adicross 2011 Men's Spikeless Golf Shoes $42.99 http://t.co/oRt8JIQB6v #Deal - http://t.co/QImHB6xJ5b apparel: -133.86214565455646 art: -174.44106424825426 camera: -188.66719939648308 event: -188.83296276708387 health: -188.188838820323 home: -178.13519042380085 tech: -190.7717 2248114303 => apparel Tweet: 309836554187202560 Buydig - Tamron 18-270mm Di Lens for Canon + Canon 50mm F/1.8 Lens $464 http://t.co/Dqj9DdqmTf #Deal - http://t.co/QImHB6xJ5b apparel: -218.82418584296866 art: -228.25052760371423 camera: -183.46066199290763 event: -245.186963518965 health: -244.70464331200444 home: -236.16560862254997 tech: -244.4118 6823539707 => camera
Code to classify the tweets using the model and the dictionary file:
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public
class
Classifier {
public
static
Map<String, Integer> readDictionnary(Configuration conf, Path dictionnaryPath) {
Map<String, Integer> dictionnary =
new
HashMap<String, Integer>();
for
(Pair<Text, IntWritable> pair :
new
SequenceFileIterable<Text, IntWritable>(dictionnaryPath,
true
, conf)) {
dictionnary.put(pair.getFirst().toString(), pair.getSecond().get());
}
return
dictionnary;
}
public
static
Map<Integer, Long> readDocumentFrequency(Configuration conf, Path documentFrequencyPath) {
Map<Integer, Long> documentFrequency =
new
HashMap<Integer, Long>();
for
(Pair<IntWritable, LongWritable> pair :
new
SequenceFileIterable<IntWritable, LongWritable>(documentFrequencyPath,
true
, conf)) {
documentFrequency.put(pair.getFirst().get(), pair.getSecond().get());
}
return
documentFrequency;
}
public
static
void
main(String[] args)
throws
Exception {
if
(args.length <
5
) { System.out.println(
"Arguments: [model] [label index] [dictionnary] [document frequency] "
);
return
; } String modelPath = args[
0
]; String labelIndexPath = args[
1
]; String dictionaryPath = args[
2
]; String documentFrequencyPath = args[
3
]; String tweetsPath = args[
4
]; Configuration configuration =
new
Configuration();
// model is a matrix (wordId, labelId) => probability score
NaiveBayesModel model = NaiveBayesModel.materialize(
new
Path(modelPath), configuration);
StandardNaiveBayesClassifier classifier =
new
StandardNaiveBayesClassifier(model);
// labels is a map label => classId
Map<Integer, String> labels = BayesUtils.readLabelIndex(configuration,
new
Path(labelIndexPath));
Map<String, Integer> dictionary = readDictionnary(configuration,
new
Path(dictionaryPath));
Map<Integer, Long> documentFrequency = readDocumentFrequency(configuration,
new
Path(documentFrequencyPath));
// analyzer used to extract word from tweet
Analyzer analyzer =
new
DefaultAnalyzer();
int
labelCount = labels.size();
int
documentCount = documentFrequency.get(-
1
).intValue();
System.out.println(
"Number of labels: "
+ labelCount);
System.out.println(
"Number of documents in training set: "
+ documentCount);
BufferedReader reader =
new
BufferedReader(
new
FileReader(tweetsPath));
while
(
true
) {
String line = reader.readLine();
if
(line ==
null
) {
break
;
}
String[] tokens = line.split(
"\t"
,
2
);
String tweetId = tokens[
0
];
String tweet = tokens[
1
];
System.out.println(
"Tweet: "
+ tweetId +
"\t"
+ tweet);
Multiset words = ConcurrentHashMultiset.create();
// extract words from tweet
TokenStream ts = analyzer.reusableTokenStream(
"text"
,
new
StringReader(tweet));
CharTermAttribute termAtt = ts.addAttribute(CharTermAttribute.
class
);
ts.reset();
int
wordCount =
0
;
while
(ts.incrementToken()) {
if
(termAtt.length() >
0
) {
String word = ts.getAttribute(CharTermAttribute.
class
).toString();
Integer wordId = dictionary.get(word);
// if the word is not in the dictionary, skip it
if
(wordId !=
null
) {
words.add(word);
wordCount++;
}
}
}
// create vector wordId => weight using tfidf
Vector vector =
new
RandomAccessSparseVector(
10000
);
TFIDF tfidf =
new
TFIDF();
for
(Multiset.Entry entry:words.entrySet()) {
String word = entry.getElement();
int
count = entry.getCount();
Integer wordId = dictionary.get(word);
Long freq = documentFrequency.get(wordId);
double
tfIdfValue = tfidf.calculate(count, freq.intValue(), wordCount, documentCount);
vector.setQuick(wordId, tfIdfValue);
}
// With the classifier, we get one score for each label
// The label with the highest score is the one the tweet is more likely to
// be associated to
Vector resultVector = classifier.classifyFull(vector);
double
bestScore = -Double.MAX_VALUE;
int
bestCategoryId = -
1
;
for
(Element element: resultVector) {
int
categoryId = element.index();
double
score = element.get();
if
(score > bestScore) {
bestScore = score;
bestCategoryId = categoryId;
}
System.out.print(
" "
+ labels.get(categoryId) +
": "
+ score);
}
System.out.println(
" => "
+ labels.get(bestCategoryId));
}
}
}
|
Most of the tweets are classified properly but some are not. For example, the tweet “J and R – Roku 3 Streaming Player 4200R $89.99″ is incorrectly classified as camera. To fix that, we can add this tweet to the training set and classify it as tech. You can do the same for the other tweets which are incorrectly classified. When you are done, you can repeat the training process and check the results again.
Conclusion
In this tutorial we have seen how to build a training set, then how to use it with Mahout to train the Naive Bayes model. We showed how to test the classifier and how to improve the training set to get a better classification. Finally we use it to build an application to automatically assign a category to a tweet. In this post, we only study one Mahout classifier among many others: SGD, SVM, Neural Network, Random Forests, …. We will see in future posts how to use them.
Misc
View content of sequence files
To show the content of a file in HDFS, you can use the command
$ hadoop fs -text [FILE_NAME]
However, there might be some sequence file which are encoded using mahout classes. You can tell hadoop where to find those classes by editing the file [HADOOP_DIR]conf/hadoop-env.sh and add the following line:
export HADOOP_CLASSPATH=[MAHOUT_DIR]/mahout-math-0.7.jar:[MAHOUT_DIR]/mahout-examples-0.7-job.jar
and restart hadoop.
You can use the command mahout seqdumper:
$ mahout seqdumper -i [FILE_NAME]
View words which are the most representative of each categories
You can use the class TopCategoryWords that shows the top 10 words of each category.
$ java -cp target/twitter-naive-bayes-example-1.0-jar-with-dependencies.jar com.chimpler.example.bayes.TopCategoryWords model labelindex dictionary.file-0 df-count
Top 10 words for label camera
- digital: 70.05728101730347
- camera: 63.875202655792236
- canon: 53.79892921447754
- mp: 49.64586567878723
- nikon: 47.830992698669434
- slr: 45.931694984436035
- sony: 44.55785942077637
- lt: 37.998433113098145
- http: 29.718397855758667
- t.co: 29.65730857849121
Top 10 words for label event
- http: 33.16791915893555
- t.co: 33.09973907470703
- deals: 26.246684789657593
- days: 25.533835887908936
- hotel: 22.658542156219482
- discount: 19.89004611968994
- amp: 19.645113945007324
- spend: 18.805208206176758
- suite: 17.21832275390625
- deal: 16.84959626197815
[...]
Running the training without splitting the data into testing and training set
You can run the training just after having executed the mahout seq2sparse command:
$ mahout trainnb -i tweets-vectors/tfidf-vectors -el -li labelindex -o model -ow -c
Using your own testing set with mahout
Previously, we showed how to generate a testing set from the training set using the mahout split command.
In this section, we are going to describe how to use our own testing set and run mahout to check the accuracy of the testing set.
We have a small testing set in data/tweets-test-set.tsv that we are transforming into a tfidf vector sequence file:
the tweet words are converted into word id using the dictionary file and are associated to their tf x idf value:
To run the program:
$ java -cp target/twitter-naive-bayes-example-1.0-jar-with-dependencies.jar com.chimpler.example.bayes.TweetTSVToTrainingSetSeq dictionary.file-0 df-count data/tweets-test-set.tsv tweets-test-set.seq
To copy the generated seq file to hdfs:
$ hadoop fs -put tweets-test-set.seq tweets-test-set.seq
To run the mahout testnb on this sequence file:
$ mahout testnb -i tweets-test-set.seq -m model -l labelindex -ow -o tweets-test-output -c Summary ------------------------------------------------------- Correctly Classified Instances : 5 18.5185% Incorrectly Classified Instances : 22 81.4815% Total Classified Instances : 27 ======================================================= Confusion Matrix ------------------------------------------------------- a b c d e f g <--Classified as 2 1 0 1 3 0 1 | 8 a = apparel 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 | 3 b = art 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 | 1 c = camera 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 | 3 d = event 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 | 2 e = health 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 | 3 f = home 0 3 0 1 0 3 0 | 7 g = tech
Cleanup files
In case you want to rerun the classification, an easy way to delete all the files in your home in HDFS is by typing:
$ hadoop fs -rmr \*
Errors
When running the script to convert the tweet TSV message, I got the following errors:
Skip line: tech 309167277155168257 Easy web hosting. $4.95 - http://t.co/0oUGS6Oj0e - Review/Coupon- http://t.co/zdgH4kv5sv #wordpress #deal #bluehost #blue host Skip line: art 309167270989541376 Beautiful Jan Royce Conant Drawing of Jamaica - 1982 - Rare CT Artist - Animals #CPTV #EBAY #FineArt #Deals http://t.co/MUZf5aixMz
Make sure that the category and the tweet id are followed by a tab character and not spaces.
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