TMMI_测试过程改进框架4_2

3.2 Components of the TMMi
The TMMi model required and expected components can be summarized to illustrate their relationship as in figure
2. The following sections provide a description of the components. Note that the TMMi also provides a specific
glossary of terms. The terms used in the glossary are largely re-used from the international test terminology standard
developed by the International Software Testing Qualifications Board (ISTQB): Standard glossary of terms used in
Software Testing [ISTQB]

TMMI模型的期望和需求组件可以通过下面的图来展示它们的关系。下面的内容提供了关于组件的描述。备注TMMI同时提供了指定的相关名称，这些名词被国际测试领域作为标准大量重用。

3.2.1 Maturity Levels
A maturity level within the TMMi can be regarded as a degree of organizational test process quality. It is defined as
an evolutionary plateau of test process improvement. Each level progressively develops an important part of the
organization’s test processes. There are five maturity levels within the TMMi. Each maturity level defines what to
implement in order to achieve the given level. The higher the maturity level the organization achieves, the more
mature the test process of the organization is. To reach a particular maturity level, an organization must satisfy all of
the appropriate goals (both specific and generic) of the process areas at the specific level and also those at earlier
maturity levels. Note that all organizations possess a minimum of TMMi level 1, as this level does not contain any
goals that must be satisfied.

TMMI成熟度等级可以被认为是组织测试过程质量度。它被定义为测试过程改进的进化状态。每一个等级都积极的开发了组织测试流程的重要部分。TMMI包括5个成熟等级。每个成熟度等级定义了应该怎么做来达到给定的等级。组织达到成熟等级越高，组成的测试流程就越成熟。为了达到一个指定的成熟等级，组织需要达到指定等级所有的测试域目标和上一级的目标。标注，所有的组织都是TMMI1,因为这个阶段，不包含任何需要达到的目标。

3.2.2 Process Areas
As stated with the exception of level 1, each maturity level consists of several process areas that indicate where an
organization should focus to improve its test process. Process areas identify the issues that must be addressed to
achieve a maturity level. Each process area identifies a cluster of test related activities. When the practices are all
performed a significant improvement in activities related to that area will be made. In the TMMi, only those process
areas that are considered to be key determinants of test process capability are identified. All process areas of the
maturity level and the lower maturity levels must be satisfied to consider a maturity level to be achieved. For example,
if an organization is at TMMi level 3, it has satisfied all of the process areas at both TMMi level 2 and TMMi level 3. 
Chapter 3 Structure of the TMMi

过程域

除了在TMMI1，每一个等级都包含了几个过程域来指示组织为了提高测试流程需要关注的地方。过程域确定了为了达到成熟等级必须处理的问题。每一个等级都包含了一堆测试相关行为，当所有的实践都执行的时候一个明显的关联相应等级的提升会发生。在TMMI中，只有被认为测试过程能力的关键因素才被定义。所有过程域和低等级的过程域都要满足。比如TMMI3必须要满足所有TMMI2和TMMI3的过程域。

3.2.3 Purpose
The purpose statement describes the purpose of the process area and is an informative component. For example,
the purpose statement of the test planning process area is to “define a test approach based on the identified risks
and the defined test strategy, and to establish and maintain well-founded plans for performing and managing the
testing activities”.

目标

目标描述了过程域的目的，是一个信息组件。举例，测试计划过程域的目的是为了“定义基于风险验证的测试方法和测试策略。建立和维护一个有充分依据的计划来执行和管理测试行为”

3.2.4 Introductory Notes
The introductory notes section of the process area describes the major concepts covered in the process area and is
an informative component.

简介

过程域的简介部分描述了过程域覆盖的主要的概念，是一个信息组件

3.2.5 Scope
The scope section of the process area specifically identifies the test practices that are addressed by the process
area, and if necessary test practices that are explicitly outside the scope of this process area.

范围

指出测试范围

3.2.6 Specific Goals
A specific goal describes the unique characteristic that must be present to satisfy the process area. A specific goal
is a required model component and is used in assessments to help determine whether a process area is satisfied.

指定的目标，指定目标描述了唯一的特制来满足过程域。一个指定的过程域是需求模型组件，通常被用来评估是否一个过程域达标了

3.2.7 Generic Goals
Generic goals appear near the end of a process area and are called ‘generic’ because the same goal statement
appears in all process areas. A generic goal describes the characteristics that must be present to institutionalize the
processes that implement a process area. A generic goal is a required model component and is used in assessments
to help determine whether a process area is satisfied.

通用目标出现在过程域的后期，被称为通用是因为相同的目标描述出现在所有的过程域。一个通用过程域描述了过程域的特征。一个通用过程域是一个需求模型组件，。。。。。

3.2.8 Specific Practices
A specific practice is the description of an activity that is considered important in achieving the associated specific
goal. The specific practice describes the activities expected to result in achievement of the specific goals of a process
area. A specific practice is an expected model component.

特定实践

一个特定的实践被用来描述为了达到特定目标采取的一些重要行为。特定实践是期望模型组件。

3.2.9 Example Work Products
The example work products section lists sample outputs from a specific practice. These examples are called ‘example
work products’ because there are often work products that are just as effective but are not listed. An example work
product is an informative model component.

例子工作产品

例子工作产品部分列出了指定实践的一些样本输出。这些样本被称为样本工作产品是因为通常这些工作产品有效但是不列出。一个例子工作产品是信息模型组件。

3.2.10 Sub-practices
A sub-practice is a detailed description that provides guidance for interpreting and implementing a specific practice.
Sub-practices may be worded as if prescriptive, but are actually an informative component meant only to provide
ideas that may be useful for test process improvement.

子实践

一个子实践是一个详见的描述提供了实施指定目标的指导。子实践可能是个规定的措辞。提供了一些对测试过程提高的建议。

3.2.11 Generic Practices
Generic practices appear near the end of a process area and are called ‘generic’ because the same practice appears
in all process areas. A generic practice is the description of an activity that is considered important in achieving the
associated generic goal. A generic practice is an expected model component.

通用实践

通用实践通常出现在过程域的末期，之所以叫做通用是因为相同的实践贯穿了整个过程域。一个通用实践描述了达到通用目标所需要采取的重要行为。是一个期望模型组件。

3.2.12 Generic Practices Elaborations
Generic practices elaboration appears after a generic practice in a process area to provide guidance on how the
generic practice should be applied uniquely to the process area. A generic practice elaboration is an informative
model component.

通用实践计划

通用实践计划发生在过程域的通用实践之后，提供一个指导，通用实践如何特殊的应用到过程域。一个通用实践计划是信息模型组件

3.2.13 Supporting Informative Components
There are many places where further information is needed to describe a concept. This informative information is
provided in terms of the following components:

3.2.13.1 Notes
A note is text that can accompany any other model component. It may provide detail, background, or rationale. A
note is an informative model component.
3.2.13.2 Examples
An example is a component comprising text and often a list of items, usually in a box, that can accompany nearly
any other component and provides one or more examples to clarify a concept or described activity. An example is
an informative model component.
3.2.13.3 References
A reference is a pointer to additional or more detailed information in related process areas and can accompany nearly
any other model component. A reference is an informative model component. 

支持信息组件

支持信息组件包含了下面几个方面：

1. 笔记，笔记可以与所有的模型组件共存。它提供了细节，背景，理论基础，信息模型组件。

2. 例子，一个例子是一个由文本和清单组成的组件。可以配合所有的组件，提供一个或者多个例子来说明一个概率或者描述一个行为。信息模型组件。

3.引用，引用时一个对其他信息或者细节信息的引用，被使用到所有的模型组件。