5.1 VTK图像创建
5.1.1 VTK图像数据结构
数字图像文件内容由两个部分组成：图像头信息和数据。
图像头信息定义了图像的基本信息：主要包括起点位置(Origin)、像素间隔(Space)和维度（Dimension）。
在医学图像中，起点位置、像素间隔和图像维度决定了世界坐标系。
图像数据即为图像像素的像素值，一般采用以为数组来表示和存储。
图像像素值可以是标量（灰度图像）、矢量（梯度图像）或张量（弥散张量成像，Diffusion Tensor Imaging,DTI）
在医学图像处理中，灰度范围大于256级。常见的医学图像的像素数据类型为unsigned short,灰度范围为0~65536。也会使用int、float或者double类型。
5.1.2 VTK图像创建
1. 图像源Source
VTK中内置了多个创建图像的Source类，利用这些Source类可以快速创建图像。
///****************************************************/
///* Examples/Chap05/5.1_ImageCanvasSource2D.cpp */
///****************************************************/
#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkImageCanvasSource2D.h>
#include <vtkImageActor.h>
#include <vtkRenderer.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindow.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindowInteractor.h>
#include <vtkInteractorStyleImage.h>
int main() {
// 生成图像序列的文件名数组
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageCanvasSource2D> canvas =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageCanvasSource2D>::New();
canvas->SetScalarTypeToUnsignedChar(); // 设置画布的像素数据类型
canvas->SetNumberOfScalarComponents(1); // 设置像素组分数目
canvas->SetExtent(0, 100, 0, 100, 0, 0); // 设置画布大小
canvas->SetDrawColor(0, 0, 0, 0); // 设置矩形颜色
canvas->FillBox(0, 100, 0, 100); // 绘制矩形
canvas->SetDrawColor(255, 0, 0, 0);
canvas->FillBox(20, 40, 20, 40);
canvas->Update();
// Create actors
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> redActor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
redActor->SetInputData(canvas->GetOutput());
// define viewport ranges
// (xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax)
double redViewport[4] = { 0.0,0.0,1.0,1.0 };
// setup renderers
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> redRenderer =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
redRenderer->SetViewPoint(redViewport);
redRenderer->AddActor(redActor);
redRenderer->ResetCamera();
redRenderer->SetBackground(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
// setup render window
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow> renderWindow =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow>::New();
renderWindow->AddRenderer(redRenderer);
renderWindow->SetSize(640, 480);
renderWindow->Render();
renderWindow->SetWindowName("ImageCanvasSource2D");
// Setup render window interactor
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> renderWindowInteractor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor>::New();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage> style =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage>::New();
renderWindowInteractor->SetInteractorStyle(style);
// Render and start interactor
renderWindowInteractor->SetRenderWindow(renderWindow);
renderWindowInteractor->Initialize();
renderWindowInteractor->Start();
return 0;
}
2. 直接创建图像
///****************************************************/
///* Examples/Chap05/5.1_CreateVTKImageData.cpp */
///****************************************************/
#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkImageData.h>
#include <vtkInformation.h>
#include <vtkImageActor.h>
#include <vtkRenderer.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindow.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindowInteractor.h>
#include <vtkInteractorStyleImage.h>
#include <vtkImageViewer2.h>
int main() {
//vtk的新版本在vtkImageData类中取消了SetScalarTypeToUnsignedChar()方法；
//现在仅能用如下方法设置：
//static void SetScalarType(int, vtkInformation* meta_data);
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageData> img = vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageData>::New();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInformation> info = vtkSmartPointer<vtkInformation>::New();
img->SetDimensions(10, 10, 10);
img->SetScalarType(VTK_UNSIGNED_CHAR, info);
img->SetNumberOfScalarComponents(1, info);//每个像素需要表示的组份 =1是指标量图
img->AllocateScalars(info);//很重要 分配内存，生成图像数据，图像生成后，默认所有像素值为0
unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char*)img->GetScalarPointer();
for (int i = 0; i < 10*10*10; ++i)
{
*ptr++ = i % 256;
}
// Create actors
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> redActor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
redActor->SetInputData(img);
// define viewport ranges
// (xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax)
double redViewport[4] = { 0.0,0.0,1.0,1.0 };
// setup renderers
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> redRenderer =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
redRenderer->SetViewPoint(redViewport);
redRenderer->AddActor(redActor);
redRenderer->ResetCamera();
redRenderer->SetBackground(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
// setup render window
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow> renderWindow =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow>::New();
renderWindow->AddRenderer(redRenderer);
renderWindow->SetSize(640, 480);
renderWindow->Render();
renderWindow->SetWindowName("ImageCanvasSource2D");
// Setup render window interactor
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> renderWindowInteractor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor>::New();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage> style =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage>::New();
renderWindowInteractor->SetInteractorStyle(style);
// Render and start interactor
renderWindowInteractor->SetRenderWindow(renderWindow);
renderWindowInteractor->Initialize();
renderWindowInteractor->Start();
return 0;
}
5.2 VTK图像显示
5.2.1 vtkImageViewer2
///****************************************************/
///* Examples/Chap05/5.2_DisplayImageExample.cpp */
///****************************************************/
#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkMetaImageReader.h>
#include <vtkImageViewer2.h>
int main(int argn, char* argv[]) {
vtkSmartPointer<vtkMetaImageReader> reader =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkMetaImageReader>::New();
reader->SetFileName(argv[1]);
reader->Update();
// 显示读取的单幅PNG图像
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageViewer2> imageViewer =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageViewer2>::New();
imageViewer->SetInputConnection(reader->GetOutputPort());
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> interactor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor>::New();
imageViewer->SetColorLevel(500);
imageViewer->SetColorWindow(2000);
imageViewer->SetSlice(40); //默认显示第50个切片（即第50层）
imageViewer->SetSliceOrientationToXY();
/*imageViewer->SetSliceOrientationToYZ();
imageViewer->SetSliceOrientationToXZ();*/
imageViewer->SetupInteractor(interactor);
imageViewer->Render();
interactor->Start();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
1. 窗宽/窗位的概念
a)窗宽是图像显示的灰度范围。
一般显示器的灰度范围为256级，医学图像的灰度范围远大于该范围。
显示器不能显示所有灰度级，通过窗宽来定义欲显示的灰度范围。当灰度值高于该范围最大值，均以白影显示；低于该范围时，均以黑影显示。
增大窗宽：不同灰度值的组织结构增多，降低组织之间的对比度
减小窗宽：不同灰度值的组织结构减少，增大组织之间的对比度
b)窗位是窗宽的中心位置。
窗宽确定CT图像灰度范围上的可视部分范围，窗位确定可视灰度范围的具体位置。
窗宽窗位确定后，显示时底层会将可视灰度范围转换到256灰度级进行显示。
2.医学图像二维视图
切片或切面是三维图像比较常用的概念。医学图像中，不同方向的切面有特定的名字。
矢状面（Sagital Plane）:沿着身体前后所做的与地面垂直的切面；
冠状面（Coronal Plane）:沿着身体左右所做的与地面垂直的切面；
横断面（Transverse/Axial Plane）,是指横断身体与地面平行的切面。
设置切片的方向是通过不同的方向来观察人体的内部组织结构。
5.2.2 vtkImageActor
#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkBMPReader.h>
#include <vtkImageActor.h>
#include <vtkRenderer.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindow.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindowInteractor.h>
#include <vtkInteractorStyleImage.h>
int main(int argn,char* argv[]) {
vtkSmartPointer<vtkBMPReader> reader =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkBMPReader>::New();
reader->SetFileName(argv[1]);
reader->Update();
// Create actors
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> imgActor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
imgActor->SetInputData(reader->GetOutput());
// setup renderers
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> redRenderer =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
redRenderer->AddActor(imgActor);
redRenderer->ResetCamera();
redRenderer->SetBackground(.4, .5, .6);
// setup render window
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow> renderWindow =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow>::New();
renderWindow->AddRenderer(redRenderer);
renderWindow->SetSize(500, 500);
// Setup render window interactor
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> renderWindowInteractor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor>::New();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage> style =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage>::New();
renderWindowInteractor->SetInteractorStyle(style);
// Render and start interactor
renderWindowInteractor->SetRenderWindow(renderWindow);
renderWindowInteractor->Initialize();
renderWindowInteractor->Start();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}注意：vtkImageActor接收的图像数据vtkImageData像素类型必须为unsigned char,如果类型不符合要求，在显示图像前需要先将图像数据类型转换为unsigned char.
5.2.3 图像融合
在实际应用中经常需要在窗口中同时显示多幅图像，用到图像融合技术。
图像融合是利用图像的不透明度来合成图像，VTK中，用类vtkImageBlend实现图像的融合。
经测试源码不能调用 SetInputData(id, vtkImageData)
结果会报错，报错如下：
vtkCompositeDataPipeline (004A4880): Input for connection on index 0 input port index 1 for algorithm vtkImageBlend(004A1958) is of type vtkImageData, but a vtkImageStencilData is required.
当vtkImageBlend的inputData大于2个对象时，需要通过AddInputData来设置InputData，demo如下：
///****************************************************/
///* Examples/Chap05/5.2_ImageBlendExample.cpp */
///****************************************************/
#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkJPEGReader.h>
#include <vtkImageCanvasSource2D.h>
#include <vtkImageBlend.h>
#include <vtkImageData.h>
#include <vtkImageActor.h>
#include <vtkRenderer.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindow.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindowInteractor.h>
#include <vtkInteractorStyleImage.h>
int main(int argn, char* argv[]) {
// 读入灰度图像
vtkSmartPointer<vtkJPEGReader> reader =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkJPEGReader>::New();
reader->SetFileName("D://1.jpg");
reader->Update();
// 生成二值图像
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageCanvasSource2D> imageSource =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageCanvasSource2D>::New();
imageSource->SetNumberOfScalarComponents(1);
imageSource->SetScalarTypeToUnsignedChar();
imageSource->SetExtent(0, 512, 0, 512, 0, 0);
imageSource->SetDrawColor(0.0);
imageSource->FillBox(0, 512, 0, 512);
imageSource->SetDrawColor(255.0);
imageSource->FillBox(100, 400, 100, 400);
imageSource->Update();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageBlend> imageBlend =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageBlend>::New();
imageBlend->AddInputData(reader->GetOutput()); // 记得 #include <vtkImageData.h>
imageBlend->AddInputData(imageSource->GetOutput()); // 不能使用SetInputData会报错
imageBlend->SetOpacity(0, 0.4);
imageBlend->SetOpacity(1, 0.6);
imageBlend->Update();
// Create actors
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> originalActor1 =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
originalActor1->SetInputData(reader->GetOutput());
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> originalActor2 =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
originalActor2->SetInputData(imageSource->GetOutput());
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> blendActor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
blendActor->SetInputData(imageBlend->GetOutput());
// Define viewport ranges
// (xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax)
double leftViewport[4] = { 0.0,0.0,0.33,1.0 };
double midViewport[4] = { 0.33,0.0,0.66,1.0 };
double rightViewport[4] = { 0.66,0.0,1.0,1.0 };
// setup renderers
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> originalRenderer1 =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
originalRenderer1->SetViewport(leftViewport);
originalRenderer1->AddActor(originalActor1);
originalRenderer1->ResetCamera();
originalRenderer1->SetBackground(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> originalRenderer2 =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
originalRenderer2->SetViewport(midViewport);
originalRenderer2->AddActor(originalActor2);
originalRenderer2->ResetCamera();
originalRenderer2->SetBackground(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> blendRenderer =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
blendRenderer->SetViewport(rightViewport);
blendRenderer->AddActor(blendActor);
blendRenderer->ResetCamera();
blendRenderer->SetBackground(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
// setup render window
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow> renderWindow =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow>::New();
renderWindow->AddRenderer(originalRenderer1);
renderWindow->AddRenderer(originalRenderer2);
renderWindow->AddRenderer(blendRenderer);
renderWindow->SetSize(640, 320);
renderWindow->Render();
renderWindow->SetWindowName("ImageBlendExample");
// Setup render window interactor
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> renderWindowInteractor =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor>::New();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage> style =
vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage>::New();
renderWindowInteractor->SetInteractorStyle(style);
// Render and start interactor
renderWindowInteractor->SetRenderWindow(renderWindow);
renderWindowInteractor->Initialize();
renderWindowInteractor->Start();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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