python爬虫爬取Bloomberg新闻

最近在爬取bloomberg上的新闻，所以在这里记录一下过程。

思路

通过网站的sitemap获取链接，解析链接通过scrapy框架爬取。

网站链接的获取：

https://www.bloomberg.com/robots.txt 这是网站的robots.txt，如下：

# Bot rules:
# 1. A bot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
# 2. A bot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
# 3. A bot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
# If you can read this then you should apply here https://www.bloomberg.com/careers/
User-agent: *
Disallow: /news/live-blog/2016-03-11/bank-of-japan-monetary-policy-decision-and-kuroda-s-briefing
Disallow: /polska
User-agent: Mediapartners-Google*
Disallow: /about/careers
Disallow: /about/careers/
Disallow: /offlinemessage/
Disallow: /apps/fbk
Disallow: /bb/newsarchive/
Disallow: /apps/news
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/bbiz/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/bpol/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/bview/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/quicktake/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/bcom/sitemaps/people-index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/bcom/sitemaps/private-companies-index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/bbiz/sitemap_securities_index.xml
User-agent: Spinn3r
Disallow: /podcasts/
Disallow: /feed/podcast/
Disallow: /bb/avfile/
User-agent: Googlebot-News
Disallow: /sponsor/
Disallow: /news/sponsors/*

其中红色部分是我们要爬取的sitemap，打开其中一个,会有如下的xml文件：

<sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
<sitemap>
<loc>
https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_recent.xml
</loc>
<lastmod>2017-02-17T07:46:07-05:00</lastmod>
</sitemap>
<sitemap>
<loc>
https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_news.xml
</loc>
<lastmod>2017-02-17T07:46:07-05:00</lastmod>
</sitemap>
<sitemap>
<loc>
https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_2017_2.xml
</loc>
<lastmod>2017-02-17T07:46:07-05:00</lastmod>
</sitemap>

我们需要提取其中的<loc>*</loc>中的内容，这仍然是sitemap，打开后如下：

<urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:news="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-news/0.9" xmlns:image="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-image/1.1">
<url>
<loc>
https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-02-17/luxury-tax
</loc>
<news:news>
<news:publication>
<news:name>Bloomberg</news:name>
<news:language>en</news:language>
</news:publication>
<news:title>Giving U.S. Border Tax a European Luxury Snub</news:title>
<news:publication_date>2017-02-17T10:43:15.284Z</news:publication_date>
<news:keywords>
Sales Tax, Jobs, China, Europe, Ralph Lauren, Michael David Kors, Bernard Arnault, Donald John Trump, Miuccia Prada Bianchi
</news:keywords>
<news:stock_tickers>LON:BRBY, EPA:MC, LON:BARC, EPA:KER</news:stock_tickers>
</news:news>
<image:image>
<image:loc>
https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iurmUVIRXTqY/v0/1200x-1.jpg
</image:loc>
<image:license>https://www.bloomberg.com/tos</image:license>
</image:image>
</url>

<loc>标签中的内容就是我们需要爬取的新闻地址。

第一步，要获得所有的新闻地址，代码如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#可以下载网站的sitemap
import re
from downloader import Downloader #downloader的作用是下载网页内容
D = Downloader()

file1 = open('sitemaps.txt','a')
file2 = open('htmls.txt','a')
def crawl_sitemap(url):
    #download sitemap file
    sitemap = D(url)
    #extract the sitemap links
    links = re.findall('<loc>(.*?)</loc>',sitemap)
    #download each link
    for link in links:
        file1.write(link)
        file1.write('\n')
        html = D(link)
        file2.write(html)
        file2.write('\n')
crawl_sitemap('https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_index.xml')#上面四个红色的sitemap，这里就放了一个，没有写到一起。

file1.close()
file2.close()

downloader文件：

import urlparse
import urllib2
import random
import time
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import socket

DEFAULT_AGENT = 'wswp'
DEFAULT_DELAY = 5
DEFAULT_RETRIES = 1
DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 60


class Downloader:
    def __init__(self, delay=DEFAULT_DELAY, user_agent=DEFAULT_AGENT, proxies=None, num_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
                 timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, opener=None, cache=None):
        socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
        self.throttle = Throttle(delay)
        self.user_agent = user_agent
        self.proxies = proxies
        self.num_retries = num_retries
        self.opener = opener
        self.cache = cache

    def __call__(self, url):
        result = None
        if self.cache:
            try:
                result = self.cache[url]
            except KeyError:
                # url is not available in cache
                pass
            else:
                if self.num_retries > 0 and 500 <= result['code'] < 600:
                    # server error so ignore result from cache and re-download
                    result = None
        if result is None:
            # result was not loaded from cache so still need to download
            self.throttle.wait(url)
            proxy = random.choice(self.proxies) if self.proxies else None
            headers = {'User-agent': self.user_agent}
            result = self.download(url, headers, proxy=proxy, num_retries=self.num_retries)
            if self.cache:
                # save result to cache
                self.cache[url] = result
        return result['html']

    def download(self, url, headers, proxy, num_retries, data=None):
        print 'Downloading:', url
        request = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers or {})
        opener = self.opener or urllib2.build_opener()
        if proxy:
            proxy_params = {urlparse.urlparse(url).scheme: proxy}
            opener.add_handler(urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy_params))
        try:
            response = opener.open(request)
            html = response.read()
            code = response.code
        except Exception as e:
            print 'Download error:', str(e)
            html = ''
            if hasattr(e, 'code'):
                code = e.code
                if num_retries > 0 and 500 <= code < 600:
                    # retry 5XX HTTP errors
                    return self._get(url, headers, proxy, num_retries - 1, data)
            else:
                code = None
        return {'html': html, 'code': code}

    def _get(self, url, headers, proxy, param, data):
        pass


class Throttle:
    """Throttle downloading by sleeping between requests to same domain
    """

    def __init__(self, delay):
        # amount of delay between downloads for each domain
        self.delay = delay
        # timestamp of when a domain was last accessed
        self.domains = {}

    def wait(self, url):
        """Delay if have accessed this domain recently
        """
        domain = urlparse.urlsplit(url).netloc
        last_accessed = self.domains.get(domain)
        if self.delay > 0 and last_accessed is not None:
            sleep_secs = self.delay - (datetime.now() - last_accessed).seconds
            if sleep_secs > 0:
                time.sleep(sleep_secs)
        self.domains[domain] = datetime.now()

通过以上的代码，我们得到了对应sitemap下的xml文件

然后提取其中的<loc> </loc>标签的内容：

import re
file = open('./sitemap_and_html_waiting_to_be_crawled/htmls_gadfly.txt')
file2 = open('htmls.txt','a')

for temp in file.readlines():
    if re.match('<loc>',temp.strip()) is None:
        pass
    else:
        print temp
        #file2.write(temp)
        #file2.write('\n')
file.close()
file2.close()

得到的文件中还会有<loc>标签，直接用文本编辑去掉就行，最后的文件形式是这样的：

另外的几个sitemap改一下上面第一段代码中的地址就行了。这样就获取了全部的新闻地址，接下来开始爬取新闻内容。

——————————————割——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

scrapy爬虫

爬虫教程：https://doc.scrapy.org/en/1.3/intro/tutorial.html

这里需要一些安装，都很容易，打开cmd在一个目录下输入：

scrapy startproject linkcrawler

这样就创建了一个scrapy爬虫，在spiders目录下，创建爬虫文件，写入代码：

import scrapy
file = open('G:\onedrive\workspace\crawler\htmls\htmls_gadfly.txt')#这里是之前html文件的地址
data = file.readlines()

def list_to_string(list):
    string = ""
    for i in list:
        string += i.strip()
    return string


class LinkCrawler(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "link"

    def start_requests(self):
        """
        urls = [
            'https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-02-16/baidu-failing-fast-is-a-smart-move-to-build-a-future',
            'https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-02-13/gaslog-partners-poised-for-lng-market-recovery',
            'https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-02-07/bp-earnings-today-doesn-t-match-tomorrow'

        ]
        :return:
        """

        for url in data:
            yield scrapy.Request(url=url, callback=self.parse)

    def parse(self, response): #这里是比较关键的部分，主要用了css选择器，选择需要的部分，下面会详细讲
            yield{
                'title': response.css('h1.headline_4rK3h>a::text').extract_first(),
                'time_1': response.css("time::text").extract_first().strip(),
                'time_2': response.css('time').re(r'datetime="\s*(.*)">')[0],
                'content': list_to_string(response.css('div.container_1KxJx>p::text').extract())
            }


file.close()

这就是全部代码了，很easy啊。

还是刚才的cmd窗口，输入

scrapy crawl link -o news.json

 经过一段时间的运行，就把所有的新闻保存在一个news.json文件中了。

css选择器：

我们得到网页链接之后最重要的就是分析网页内容，选择我们想要的内容，这部分其实很多方法，包括正则表达式，beautifulsoup,lxml，我们直接用scrapy自带的css选择器进行选择。

随意打开一个网页，首先是标题：如下所示

我们关注的部分是：

在命令行中打开scrapy shell：、

后面是网址。

在scrapy shell中输入

response.css('h1.headline_4rK3h>a::text').extract_first()

可以看到标题就提取出来了。

还有一点就是爬取bloomberg的时候一定要能上Google，最好是全局代理，不然是连不上的。

总结

原理很简单就是通过网站的sitemap进行爬取，代码写的有点罗嗦，不过功能是实现了，可以比较稳定快速的爬取bloomberg的新闻，第一次发博客，希望如果有大神看到能指点一二。