最近在爬取bloomberg上的新闻,所以在这里记录一下过程。
思路
通过网站的sitemap获取链接,解析链接通过scrapy框架爬取。
网站链接的获取:
https://www.bloomberg.com/robots.txt 这是网站的robots.txt,如下:
# Bot rules:
# 1. A bot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
# 2. A bot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
# 3. A bot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
# If you can read this then you should apply here https://www.bloomberg.com/careers/
User-agent: *
Disallow: /news/live-blog/2016-03-11/bank-of-japan-monetary-policy-decision-and-kuroda-s-briefing
Disallow: /polska
User-agent: Mediapartners-Google*
Disallow: /about/careers
Disallow: /about/careers/
Disallow: /offlinemessage/
Disallow: /apps/fbk
Disallow: /bb/newsarchive/
Disallow: /apps/news
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/bbiz/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/bpol/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/bview/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/quicktake/sitemap_index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/bcom/sitemaps/people-index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/bcom/sitemaps/private-companies-index.xml
Sitemap: https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/bbiz/sitemap_securities_index.xml
User-agent: Spinn3r
Disallow: /podcasts/
Disallow: /feed/podcast/
Disallow: /bb/avfile/
User-agent: Googlebot-News
Disallow: /sponsor/
Disallow: /news/sponsors/*
其中红色部分是我们要爬取的sitemap,打开其中一个,会有如下的xml文件:
<sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
<sitemap>
<loc>
https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_recent.xml
</loc>
<lastmod>2017-02-17T07:46:07-05:00</lastmod>
</sitemap>
<sitemap>
<loc>
https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_news.xml
</loc>
<lastmod>2017-02-17T07:46:07-05:00</lastmod>
</sitemap>
<sitemap>
<loc>
https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_2017_2.xml
</loc>
<lastmod>2017-02-17T07:46:07-05:00</lastmod>
</sitemap>
我们需要提取其中的<loc>*</loc>中的内容,这仍然是sitemap,打开后如下:
<urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:news="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-news/0.9" xmlns:image="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-image/1.1">
<url>
<loc>
https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-02-17/luxury-tax
</loc>
<news:news>
<news:publication>
<news:name>Bloomberg</news:name>
<news:language>en</news:language>
</news:publication>
<news:title>Giving U.S. Border Tax a European Luxury Snub</news:title>
<news:publication_date>2017-02-17T10:43:15.284Z</news:publication_date>
<news:keywords>
Sales Tax, Jobs, China, Europe, Ralph Lauren, Michael David Kors, Bernard Arnault, Donald John Trump, Miuccia Prada Bianchi
</news:keywords>
<news:stock_tickers>LON:BRBY, EPA:MC, LON:BARC, EPA:KER</news:stock_tickers>
</news:news>
<image:image>
<image:loc>
https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iurmUVIRXTqY/v0/1200x-1.jpg
</image:loc>
<image:license>https://www.bloomberg.com/tos</image:license>
</image:image>
</url>
<loc>标签中的内容就是我们需要爬取的新闻地址。
第一步,要获得所有的新闻地址,代码如下:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#可以下载网站的sitemap
import re
from downloader import Downloader #downloader的作用是下载网页内容
D = Downloader()
file1 = open('sitemaps.txt','a')
file2 = open('htmls.txt','a')
def crawl_sitemap(url):
#download sitemap file
sitemap = D(url)
#extract the sitemap links
links = re.findall('<loc>(.*?)</loc>',sitemap)
#download each link
for link in links:
file1.write(link)
file1.write('\n')
html = D(link)
file2.write(html)
file2.write('\n')
crawl_sitemap('https://www.bloomberg.com/feeds/gadfly/sitemap_index.xml')#上面四个红色的sitemap,这里就放了一个,没有写到一起。
file1.close()
file2.close()
downloader文件:
import urlparse
import urllib2
import random
import time
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import socket
DEFAULT_AGENT = 'wswp'
DEFAULT_DELAY = 5
DEFAULT_RETRIES = 1
DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 60
class Downloader:
def __init__(self, delay=DEFAULT_DELAY, user_agent=DEFAULT_AGENT, proxies=None, num_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, opener=None, cache=None):
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
self.throttle = Throttle(delay)
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.proxies = proxies
self.num_retries = num_retries
self.opener = opener
self.cache = cache
def __call__(self, url):
result = None
if self.cache:
try:
result = self.cache[url]
except KeyError:
# url is not available in cache
pass
else:
if self.num_retries > 0 and 500 <= result['code'] < 600:
# server error so ignore result from cache and re-download
result = None
if result is None:
# result was not loaded from cache so still need to download
self.throttle.wait(url)
proxy = random.choice(self.proxies) if self.proxies else None
headers = {'User-agent': self.user_agent}
result = self.download(url, headers, proxy=proxy, num_retries=self.num_retries)
if self.cache:
# save result to cache
self.cache[url] = result
return result['html']
def download(self, url, headers, proxy, num_retries, data=None):
print 'Downloading:', url
request = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers or {})
opener = self.opener or urllib2.build_opener()
if proxy:
proxy_params = {urlparse.urlparse(url).scheme: proxy}
opener.add_handler(urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy_params))
try:
response = opener.open(request)
html = response.read()
code = response.code
except Exception as e:
print 'Download error:', str(e)
html = ''
if hasattr(e, 'code'):
code = e.code
if num_retries > 0 and 500 <= code < 600:
# retry 5XX HTTP errors
return self._get(url, headers, proxy, num_retries - 1, data)
else:
code = None
return {'html': html, 'code': code}
def _get(self, url, headers, proxy, param, data):
pass
class Throttle:
"""Throttle downloading by sleeping between requests to same domain
"""
def __init__(self, delay):
# amount of delay between downloads for each domain
self.delay = delay
# timestamp of when a domain was last accessed
self.domains = {}
def wait(self, url):
"""Delay if have accessed this domain recently
"""
domain = urlparse.urlsplit(url).netloc
last_accessed = self.domains.get(domain)
if self.delay > 0 and last_accessed is not None:
sleep_secs = self.delay - (datetime.now() - last_accessed).seconds
if sleep_secs > 0:
time.sleep(sleep_secs)
self.domains[domain] = datetime.now()
通过以上的代码,我们得到了对应sitemap下的xml文件
然后提取其中的<loc> </loc>标签的内容:
import re
file = open('./sitemap_and_html_waiting_to_be_crawled/htmls_gadfly.txt')
file2 = open('htmls.txt','a')
for temp in file.readlines():
if re.match('<loc>',temp.strip()) is None:
pass
else:
print temp
#file2.write(temp)
#file2.write('\n')
file.close()
file2.close()
得到的文件中还会有<loc>标签,直接用文本编辑去掉就行,最后的文件形式是这样的:
另外的几个sitemap改一下上面第一段代码中的地址就行了。这样就获取了全部的新闻地址,接下来开始爬取新闻内容。
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scrapy爬虫
爬虫教程:https://doc.scrapy.org/en/1.3/intro/tutorial.html
这里需要一些安装,都很容易,打开cmd在一个目录下输入:
scrapy startproject linkcrawler
这样就创建了一个scrapy爬虫,在spiders目录下,创建爬虫文件,写入代码:
import scrapy
file = open('G:\onedrive\workspace\crawler\htmls\htmls_gadfly.txt')#这里是之前html文件的地址
data = file.readlines()
def list_to_string(list):
string = ""
for i in list:
string += i.strip()
return string
class LinkCrawler(scrapy.Spider):
name = "link"
def start_requests(self):
"""
urls = [
'https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-02-16/baidu-failing-fast-is-a-smart-move-to-build-a-future',
'https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-02-13/gaslog-partners-poised-for-lng-market-recovery',
'https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-02-07/bp-earnings-today-doesn-t-match-tomorrow'
]
:return:
"""
for url in data:
yield scrapy.Request(url=url, callback=self.parse)
def parse(self, response): #这里是比较关键的部分,主要用了css选择器,选择需要的部分,下面会详细讲
yield{
'title': response.css('h1.headline_4rK3h>a::text').extract_first(),
'time_1': response.css("time::text").extract_first().strip(),
'time_2': response.css('time').re(r'datetime="\s*(.*)">')[0],
'content': list_to_string(response.css('div.container_1KxJx>p::text').extract())
}
file.close()
这就是全部代码了,很easy啊。
还是刚才的cmd窗口,输入
scrapy crawl link -o news.json
经过一段时间的运行,就把所有的新闻保存在一个news.json文件中了。
css选择器:
我们得到网页链接之后最重要的就是分析网页内容,选择我们想要的内容,这部分其实很多方法,包括正则表达式,beautifulsoup,lxml,我们直接用scrapy自带的css选择器进行选择。
随意打开一个网页,首先是标题:如下所示
我们关注的部分是:
在命令行中打开scrapy shell:、
后面是网址。
在scrapy shell中输入
response.css('h1.headline_4rK3h>a::text').extract_first()
可以看到标题就提取出来了。
还有一点就是爬取bloomberg的时候一定要能上Google,最好是全局代理,不然是连不上的。
总结
原理很简单就是通过网站的sitemap进行爬取,代码写的有点罗嗦,不过功能是实现了,可以比较稳定快速的爬取bloomberg的新闻,第一次发博客,希望如果有大神看到能指点一二。