分页 pti_计算pti的历史

分页 pti

We learn and know (hopefully) a basic history of the world, particularly major events like the French revolution, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II (wow lots of wars), the Spaceage etc. It is important to understand the concepts of these and many other historical events. Being able to recall the start year or the exact details of how such events unfolded is one thing, but on a human level, it is more important to understand the rationale, lessons and philosophy of major events. Ultimately history teaches us what makes us innately human. Furthermore, understanding history helps us realise the how and why we operate in today. History provides the context for today. It makes today seem ‘obvious,’ ‘justifable’ and ‘logical’ given the previous events that unfolded.

我们学习并了解(希望)世界的基本历史，尤其是重大事件，例如法国大革命，美国内战，第一次世界大战，第二次世界大战(许多战争)，太空等。了解这一点很重要这些以及许多其他历史事件的概念。 能够回忆起开年或此类事件如何发生的确切细节是一回事，但在人的层面上，了解重大事件的原理，教训和理念更为重要。 最终，历史告诉我们什么使我们与生俱来。 此外， 了解历史有助于我们认识到今天的运作方式和原因 。 历史为今天提供了背景。 考虑到之前发生的事件，今天似乎显得“显而易见”，“合理”和“合乎逻辑”。

So, following this thread of logic, understanding the history of computers should help us understand how we have got to today. A today when computers moderate much of our communication with one another. A today where computers and screens are stared at for many (and often a majority) of our waking hours (especially during Covid). A today where the thought of working, socialising or learning without a computer would be an affront and a disadvantage. Just as major events like World War II and the Cold War have greatly contributed to today’s political and social climate. I would argue computers influence just as much (if not more) of our daily lives.

因此，遵循这一逻辑线，了解计算机的历史应该可以帮助我们理解今天的状况 。 在今天，计算机可以调节我们彼此之间的大部分通信。 在当今的许多清醒时间(尤其是在Covid期间)，计算机和屏幕始终盯着电脑。 在没有计算机的情况下工作，社交或学习的思想的今天将是冒犯和不利。 正如第二次世界大战和冷战等重大事件为当今的政治和社会气候做出了巨大贡献。 我认为计算机会影响我们的日常生活(如果不是更多的话)。

因此，对于我们来说，了解计算机的发展，了解我们与计算机之间的关系可能会走向何方至关重要。 (Therefore it is important for us to understand the evolution of computers to understand where we may be heading in our relationship with computers.)

I would like to preface that the following articles outlining the history of computers by saying this is in no way an exhaustive history of the origin of computers. Some major events have been glossed over while other meaningful contributions omitted entirely.

我想作为序言，以下文章概述了计算机的历史，说这绝不是计算机起源的详尽的历史。 一些重大事件被掩盖了，而其他有意义的贡献被完全省略了。

Whilst the thought of history for some may make the eyes automatically glisten over, I will try and make the following series as painless and exciting as possible. While I paint a story of linear progress of computation, this is hindsight bias in action. We like to create a story of history attributing certain importance to some events and not others when in reality as these events were unfolding (and continue to unfold) it was not always obvious what was a gigantic discovery. It is only now with some distance that we can appreciate past event. This means perhaps in ten years this recount will emphasis other features and neglect some of the stories today we find so foundational to computer’s creation.

尽管某些人对历史的思考可能会使眼睛自动闪闪发光，但我将尝试使以下系列尽可能地使人感到痛苦和激动。 尽管我讲述了线性计算进展的故事，但这是事后的偏见。 我们喜欢创造一个历史故事，将某些事件赋予某些事件，而不是将其他事件赋予某些重要性，而实际上，由于这些事件正在展开(并继续展开)，因此并非总是显而易见的，这是一个巨大的发现。 直到现在，我们才能欣赏过去的事件。 这意味着也许十年后，这种重述将强调其他功能，而忽略了今天我们发现对计算机创作非常基础的一些故事。

With all this in mind let’s begin !!

考虑到所有这些，让我们开始吧！

第一台电脑 (The first computers)

Since their inception computers have taken over human work by performing tedious, complex and repetitive tasks. Interestingly, the word computer initially described humans!! Initially computers were humans (often women) who were able to perform complex mathematical computations — usually with pen and paper. Often teams would work on the same calculation independently to confirm the end results. It is interesting to note that initally when electronic computers were developed they were referred to as such — electronic computers. With time as electronic computers became more and more pervasive and powerful, it became the human computer that was deemed obsolete and inefficient. The electronic was dropped and now when we discuss computers we think of nothing else besides our gracefull and versalite electronic tools. It is important to keep computer’s mathematical origin in mind as we will see it only further emphasises the never imagined pervasiveness and uses of computers today.

自成立以来，计算机已经通过执行乏味，复杂和重复的任务来接管人类的工作。 有趣的是，T 他 字计算机最初描述的人类 ！ 最初，计算机是人类(通常是女性)，他们能够执行复杂的数学计算(通常使用笔和纸)。 通常，团队会独立进行相同的计算以确认最终结果。 有趣的是，最初开发电子计算机时，它们被称为电子计算机。 随着时间的流逝，电子计算机变得越来越普及和强大，它已成为被认为已过时且效率低下的人类计算机。 电子设备被丢弃了，现在当我们讨论计算机时，除了功能强大且用途广泛的电子工具外，我们别无其他。 重要的是要牢记计算机的数学起源，因为我们将看到它仅进一步强调了当今计算机的普及和使用。

Our story begins with the humble abacus, generally considered the first computer. When researching I was puzzled how an abacus could be considered a computer. Luckily my curiosity was settled by a quick Google search (thank you Google). Google was even able to suggest my search before I completed typing ‘Why is the abacus considered the first computer’! I ended up on trusty Quora where one users: Chrissie Nysen put things simply-“Because it is used to compute things.” Though estimates vary, the abacus is thought to originate in Babylon approximately 5000 years ago. The role of the abacus was to ease in simple mathematical calculations- addition, subtraction, division and multiplication. In this sense, we can consider the abacus as a simple calculator. As farming, produce and populations increased in size, the abacus allowed the educated to more easily manage logistics. After the abacus the first computer, computer’s evolution remained dormant for some time…..

我们的故事始于不起眼的算盘，通常被认为是第一台计算机。 在研究时，我很困惑如何将算盘视为计算机。 幸运的是，我的好奇心通过快速的Google搜索解决了(谢谢Google)。 在输入“为什么算盘被认为是第一台计算机”之前，Google甚至可以建议我的搜索！ 我最后来到了一个值得信赖的Quora，那里的一个用户： Chrissie Nysen只是简单地说了些事情-“因为它用于计算事物。” 尽管估计有所不同，但算盘被认为起源于大约5000年前的巴比伦。 算盘的作用是简化简单的数学计算-加法，减法，除法和乘法。 从这个意义上讲，我们可以将算盘视为一个简单的计算器。 随着农业，农产品和人口规模的增加，算盘使受过教育的人可以更轻松地管理物流。 在算出第一台计算机之后，计算机的发展一直处于Hibernate状态……

第一个计算机程序-Charles Babbage和Ada Lovelace (The first computer program- Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace)

Approximately 4800 years later the English Mathematician Charles Babbage enters the scene. Today Babbage is referred to as the ‘father of computing.’ Babbage’s computer, the Difference Engine (1822) was designed to automate the calculation of mathematical tables like logs, tides and astronomy composed of entirely mechanical components. While a small prototype was formed, the machine was never created to scale.

大约4800年后，英国数学家查尔斯·巴贝奇(Charles Babbage)进入了现场。 如今，巴贝奇被称为“计算之父”。 巴贝奇(Babbage)的计算机， 差分引擎(Difference Engine，1822 )被设计用于自动计算完全由机械部件组成的数学表，如测井，潮汐和天文学。 虽然形成了一个小型原型，但该机器从未按比例制造。

Later and more ambitious, Babbage envisioned the Analytical Engine- which was to have memory store, a central processing unit and the ability to select for the engine to perform different actions and computations. This machine was to be programmable by punch cards– it worked similarly to weaver looms which were Babbage’s source of inspiration. Aspects such as punch cards and the phrase ‘store’ were taken directly from the textile industry! Babbage’s Analytical Engine mirrors our understanding of computers today (minus the fact that this computer was meant to be entirely mechanical). Today our computers do possess memory, a processor and is reprogrammable — Babbage was indeed a man ahead of his time as it took over a century for the computer of Babbage’s vision to come to fruition.

后来更雄心勃勃的是，巴贝奇(Babbage)设想了分析引擎-该引擎将具有内存存储，中央处理单元以及为引擎选择执行不同动作和计算的能力。 这台机器可以用打Kong卡编程，它的工作方式与编织机一样， 编织机是巴贝奇的灵感之源 。 打Kong卡和短语“存储”等方面直接来自纺织行业！ Babbage的分析引擎反映了我们对当今计算机的理解(减去这台计算机原本是完全机械的事实)。 今天，我们的计算机确实具有内存，处理器和可重编程的功能-Babbage确实是一个超前的人，因为花了一个多世纪的时间，Babbage的计算机才得以实现。

Along Babbage’s close colleagues was Ada Lovelace, a skilled mathematician. Lovelace is considered by many as the first computer programmer — this is quite ironic considering she was a female and the stereotypes that existed at the time (and some argue continue today) surrounding women. With an uncommon upbringing for a young aristocrat girl, Ada was taught science and maths and excelled. Her talent lead her to being introduced to Babbage who became a mentor. When Babbage become disenchanted by the lack of support from the British scientific community, he went abroad to Italy where he presented a lecture on his Analytical Engine. It was Lovelace who translated the first published account of the engine (by Luigi Federico who later became prime minister of Italy another story) from French to English in 1842. However, Lovelace not only translated Federico’s manuscript but also added her own detailed notes. In fact, of the final paper published in 1843 in Taylor’s Scientific Memoirs contained sixty-six pages, forty-one (just under two thirds) of which were Lovelace’s own appendices and notes.

熟练的数学家Ada Lovelace跟着 Babbage的亲密同事。 Lovelace被许多人视为第一位计算机程序员 -颇具讽刺意味的是，她是一位女性，并且在当时(并且有些人认为今天仍在)周围存在着针对女性的刻板印象。 阿达(Ada)在一个年轻的贵族女孩中度过了一个不寻常的成长期，她在科学和数学方面受到了教授并且表现出色。 她的才华使她被介绍给成为导师的巴贝奇(Babbage)。 当巴贝奇(Babbage)因缺乏英国科学界的支持而变得失望时，他去了意大利，在那里他发表了有关他的分析引擎的演讲。 正是洛夫雷斯(英语：Lovelace)在1842年将法语的翻译成第一本出版的书(路易吉·费德里科(Luigi Federico后来成为意大利总理)，后来又翻译成英文。)但是，洛夫雷斯(Livelace)不仅翻译了费德里科的手稿，还添加了自己的详细注释。 实际上，在1843年泰勒的《科学回忆录》发表的最后一篇论文中，有六十六页，其中四十一页(不到三分之二)是洛夫莱斯自己的附录和笔记。

The most famous and groundbreaking part of this publication was the final appendix, Note G, which demonstrated the machine’s operation by giving an example of how it would calculate Bernoulli numbers. Bernoulli numbers are considered important in expansion of trigonometric functions and number theory. Bernoulli numbers most interesting feature in the context of computation is that they are recursive (the nth termed is determined the nth-1 term). This final appendix is considered by many as the first program (More accurately the punch cards that would have performed the steps Lovelace described would have been the program). Nevertheless, the writer of the first program is bestowed upon Lovelace. Lovelace’s fascination and obsession with Babbage’s machine led her to recognise the machine’s potential to expand past numbers and mathematics. Today, nearly 2 centuries after Lovelace’s paper many of her ideas remain influential within computer science.

该出版物最著名和突破性的部分是最终附录Note G，它通过举例说明如何计算伯努利数来演示了该机器的操作。 伯努利数被认为对三角函数和数论的扩展很重要。 Bernoulli编号在计算上下文中最有趣的功能是它们是递归的(第n个术语由第n-1个项确定)。 许多人认为这最后的附录是第一个程序(更准确地说，本来应该执行Lovelace所述步骤的打Kong卡是该程序)。 尽管如此，第一个程序的作者还是被赋予了Lovelace。 Lovelace对Babbage机器的迷恋和痴迷使她认识到该机器具有扩展过去的数字和数学的潜力。 如今，距Lovelace的论文发表将近两个世纪，她的许多想法在计算机科学领域仍然具有影响力。

被遗忘的计算机-模拟计算机 (The forgotten computers- analog computers)

Interestingly, the next computers that developed were the now forgotten analog computers. Analog computers used changeable physical properties of electricity, hydraulics and mechanics to demonstrate an output. The best way to think about analog computers is by considering an anolog clock- analog clocks indicate the time by the position of the hands, so an analog computer could have represented a numerical number by the angle of rotation of a part.

有趣的是，接下来开发的计算机是现在被遗忘的模拟计算机。 模拟计算机使用可变的电，水力学和机械物理特性来演示输出。 考虑模拟计算机的最佳方法是考虑模拟时钟-模拟时钟通过指针的位置指示时间，因此模拟计算机本可以通过零件的旋转角度来表示数字。

The first large scale automatic analog machine created was the Differential Analyser created by Vannevar Bush at MIT in 1931. Bush is an extremely impressive guy — he was not only the dean of MIT school of Engineering but later headed the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSDR) during World War II. The OSRD oversaw the vast majority of US R&D during the wartime so Bush was involved in the initiation of inventions such as the radar and Manhattan project. This mechanical analog computer could solve differential equations. This computer inspired similar versions worldwide. However, for each equation it needed to be laboriously set up- namely a skilled mechanic was required leading Bush and his colleagues to continually replace the mechanical components with electrical devices. The high cost associated with analog computers remained a major drawback despite the creation of hybrid — analog / digital computers, today analog computers are a rarity.

创建的第一台大型自动模拟机是1931年由范内瓦尔·布什(Vannevar Bush)在麻省理工学院创建的差分分析仪 。布什是一个非常令人印象深刻的人-他不仅是麻省理工学院工程学院的院长，而且还领导了科学研究与发展办公室( OSDR)。 战争期间，OSRD监督了美国绝大多数的研发工作，因此布什参与了雷达和曼哈顿项目等发明的启动。 这种机械模拟计算机可以求解微分方程。 该计算机启发了世界各地的类似版本。 但是，对于每个方程式，都需要费力地设置-即要求熟练的机械师带领Bush和他的同事不断地用电子设备替换机械组件。 尽管创建了混合型模拟/数字计算机，但与模拟计算机相关的高成本仍然是主要缺点，而今天的模拟计算机已很少见。

多功能计算机-Alan Turing (A multipurpose computer- Alan Turing)

A few years following Bush’s differential analyser, Alan Turing entered, of Cambridge university. Turing today is widely considered the father of computer science and artificial intelligence– having invented many of the governing principles of modern computing. As shown throughout history — necessity is the mother of all invention. With the advent of World War II armies invested in computers as a mean of code cracking. If the name rings a bell, Turing began to permeate popular culture through the Oscar winning movie the Imitation Game (2014). The movie depicts Turing’s role in helping the Allies crack the German enigma code during World War II- helping the allies win the war.

布什的差异分析仪问世几年后， 艾伦·图灵 ( Alan Turing)进入了剑桥大学。 今天，图灵被认为是计算机科学和人工智能之父，它发明了许多现代计算的管理原理。 如历史记录所示，必要性是所有发明的源泉。 随着第二次世界大战的到来，军队购买了计算机作为破解代码的手段。 如果这个名字响起，图灵就开始通过奥斯卡获奖电影《 模仿游戏》(2014年)渗透到大众文化中。 这部电影描述了图灵在第二次世界大战期间帮助盟国破解德国谜语代码的作用-帮助盟国赢得战争。

Turing was the first to propose the idea of a multi-purpose computer, one which had memory and worked on instructions dictated by a program- a Turing machine. This simplistic concept was a computer that read a code containing tape and translating the code into instructions and actions. This is essentially how our computers operate today. A (successful) Turing machine could essentially perform any algorithm — unlike Babbage’s Analytical machine or Bush’s differential analyser (both envisaged to deal with math only).

Turing是第一个提出多用途计算机概念的人，该计算机具有内存并可以处理程序(Turing机器)所规定的指令。 这个简单的概念是一台计算机，它读取包含磁带的代码并将该代码转换为指令和操作。 今天，这基本上就是我们计算机的操作方式。 (成功的)图灵机基本上可以执行任何算法-不像Babbage的分析机或Bush的差分分析器(两者都设想仅处理数学)。

In this sense, Turing was the first to begin expanding computers past performing solely mathematical tasks. Recall that Babbage’s computer and even further back the abacus — were invented with the sole purpose of arithmetical manipulation. It is here, the computer with the initial purpose of math begins to transform into Turings vision of a multi-purpose computer with potentially limitless abilities. However, it still took some time for this vision to become a reality as out story is still only in 1936 and after all today computer’s power are still (thankfully) not limitless …

从这个意义上讲，图灵是第一个开始扩展计算机的领域，而不仅仅是执行数学任务。 回想一下，巴贝奇的计算机乃至更远的算盘-都是出于算术操纵的目的而发明的。 正是在这里，最初具有数学目的的计算机开始转变为具有潜在无限功能的多用途计算机的Turings愿景。 但是，要实现这一构想还需要花费一些时间，因为故事还只是在1936年才出现，毕竟今天的计算机功能仍然(令人遗憾)仍然是无限的……

Ahead of his time Turing (alike Babbage and many major players within computing) also discussed the possibility of computers to eventually program themselves — what we now understand as artificial intelligence and machine learning, huge areas of growth and hype within computation today. Speaking in London 1947, Turing explained his concept of :

在他出世之前，图灵(像巴贝奇和计算机领域的许多主要参与者)还讨论了计算机最终进行自我编程的可能性-我们现在将其理解为人工智能和机器学习，今天在计算领域有广阔的发展和炒作。 图灵1947年在伦敦发表讲话，解释了他的概念：

“a machine that can learn from experience” one with the “possibility of letting the machine alter its own instructions…” .

“可以从经验中学习的机器”和“可以让机器改变自己的指令的可能性……”。

After all, the Turing Test was named and invented by Turing himself. This test gets a human to interact with a computer and asses the computers intelligence and/or behaviour. If the computer is deemed to act and behave in an indistinguishable manner from the human the computer passes the test.

毕竟， 图灵测试是由图灵本人命名和发明的。 该测试使人与计算机进行交互并评估计算机的智能和/或行为。 如果认为计算机的行为与行为与人类没有区别，则表明计算机通过了测试。

继电器，开关和电子计算机 (Relays, switches and electronic computers)

At this point of our story the majority of computers were electromechanical- controlled by a mixture of electronics and mechanical switches — relays. The combination of mechanical and electronic parts meant that they operated quite slowly, were tedious to set up and consumed lots of energy. During WWII countries battled to create the first operational multi-purpose computer. The victor was Germany with Konrad Zuse’s Z3 computer functioning by 1941. This computer worked by re-routing wires and plugs to perform new tasks, a tedious process. Naturally, we can see the problem with electromechanically computers- they do not scale very well. Sure, they may with some time and effort be able to perform simple tasks however, complex tasks require huge memory storage and many steps — well that would require lots of manual re-routing of wires…

在我们的故事的这一点上，大多数计算机是由电子和机械开关(继电器)混合机电控制的。 机械零件和电子零件的结合意味着它们运行非常缓慢，安装起来很繁琐并且消耗了大量能量。 第二次世界大战期间，各国为制造第一台可操作的多功能计算机而奋斗。 胜利者是德国，康拉德·祖斯(Konrad Zuse)的Z3计算机在1941年开始运转。这台计算机通过重新布线电线和插头来执行新任务，这是一个乏味的过程。 自然地，我们可以看到机电计算机的问题-它们的伸缩性不是很好。 当然，他们可能会花费一些时间和精力来执行简单的任务，但是，复杂的任务需要大量的内存存储和许多步骤-嗯，这需要大量的手动重新布线...

This poor functionality lead computer scientists to consider moving to a solely electronic computer. Soon the wires and plugs were replaced by vacuum tubes which were developed by John Fleming in the early 20th century but only much later added to computers. With vacuums integration, the second generation of computers were created. Even with these vacuum tubes, computation was unreliable, energy consuming and meant the computers were gigantic, weighing tonnes and taking up rooms- these computers would never be commercial and compact with vacuum tubes.

这种较差的功能导致计算机科学家考虑迁移到纯电子计算机。 很快，电线和插头被约翰·弗莱明(John Fleming)在20世纪初开发的真空管所取代，但后来才添加到计算机中。 通过集成吸尘器，创建了第二代计算机。 即使使用这些真空管，计算也不可靠，耗能，并且意味着这些计算机巨大，重达数吨并占用了房间-这些计算机永远不会是商业化的，带有真空管的紧凑型计算机。

Nevertheless, some important and early computers including the Atanasof –Berry Computer (1939), Thomas Flowers’ Colussus I which assisted in British code breaking during WWII (1943), along with his replacement of telephone relays in Britain used vacuum tubes.

然而，一些重要的早期计算机，包括Atanasof – Berry Computer(1939) ，Thomas Flowers的Colussus I (在第二次世界大战(1943年)期间协助英国破解密码)，以及他在英国更换电话中继器时，都使用了真空管。

It is interesting to note- although computation played a major role in the Allies’ victory over Axis, the work of both Turing and Flower’s at Bletchley Park was classified under the Offical Secrets Act. In fact, most of the code-cracking computers were destroyed with the wars completion (quite upsetting now considering not only their aid during WWII but also their place centre stage in the story of computer history). Only relatively recently in 2000, was the Collusual role in the war was fully declassified. These actions are a shame as not only did it mean that Flower’s and his collegues did not receive the recognition they very rightly deserved but perhaps if these secrets were shared the evolution of computers could have been fast tracked.

有趣的是，尽管计算在同盟国战胜Axis方面发挥了重要作用，但图灵和布劳德利在布莱奇利公园的工作都归类于《官方秘密法》。 实际上，大多数破解密码的计算机都是在战争结束后被摧毁的(现在很不安，不仅考虑到第二次世界大战期间的援助，还考虑了它们在计算机历史上的地位)。 仅在最近的2000年，战争中的Collusual角色才被完全解密。 这些行为令人遗憾，因为这不仅意味着Flower's和他的同事们没有得到应有的认可，而且如果共享这些秘密，也许计算机的发展就可以得到快速追踪。

The great minds behind the code breaking of Bletchley Park continued to make waves in computer science. Turing’s Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) designed in 1945 and finally executing its first code in 1950, became the basis of the first personal computer. Meanwhile the earliest computer, in the sense we today can comprehend, (stored-program, general purpose- though still of course quite primitive by today’s standards) was built at Manchester University commencing operations in 1948 and became known as the Manchester ‘Baby.’ Within the United States, the first fully functioning electronic digital computer was the ENIAC, completed in 1945. Constructed by the Moore School of Electrical engineering, the ENIAC for many years (incorrectly –recall the secret Colususs) was believed to the first functioning electronic digital computer.

布莱奇利公园(Bletchley Park)代码破解背后的伟大思想继续在计算机科学领域引起轰动。 图灵的自动计算引擎(ACE)于1945年设计，并在1950年最终执行了它的第一个代码，成为了第一台个人计算机的基础。 同时，从今天我们可以理解的意义上说，最早的计算机(存储程序，通用的，尽管按照今天的标准当然仍然很原始)是在1948年于曼彻斯特大学开始生产的，后来被称为曼彻斯特婴儿。 '在美国，第一台功能齐全的电子数字计算机是ENIAC ，于1945年完成。ENIAC由摩尔电机工程学院建造，多年来(不正确地称其为秘密的Colususs)被认为是第一台功能正常的电子设备。数字计算机。

It was only in 1951 that the UNIVAC, the first ‘commercially’ available computer was created (When I say ‘commercially available’ I mean only available to the biggest and wealthiest firms who deemed this strange new invention to hold some value). A total of 46 UNIVAC’s were delivered. Among the first recipients of UNIVAC were the U.S. Government Census Bureau, Prudential Insurance Company, General Electric’s Appliance Division and Westinghouse Electric Company. The UNIVAC was the first computer to perform commercially helpful tasks, for example both Electric companies used the UNIVAC to calculate payrolls. The UNIVAC also filed sales records and could analyse competitor’s performance. In fact, the UNIVAC was used by the US government to correctly predict the outcome of the 1952 presidential election as Eisenhower- an outcome deemed so unlikely it was initially deemed to be a computer error.

直到1951年， UNIVAC才诞生了第一台“商业上可用的”计算机(当我说“商业上可用的”时，我的意思是仅对认为这一奇怪新发明具有一定价值的最大，最富有的公司可用)。 总共交付了46架UNIVAC 。 UNIVAC的第一批接收者是美国政府人口普查局，保诚保险公司，通用电气的设备部门和西屋电气公司。 UNIVAC是第一台执行商业上有用的任务的计算机，例如，两家电力公司都使用UNIVAC来计算工资单。 UNIVAC还提交了销售记录，可以分析竞争对手的表现。 实际上，美国政府曾使用UNIVAC正确地预测1952年总统选举的结果为艾森豪威尔(Eisenhower)，这一结果被认为不太可能最初被认为是计算机错误。

Finally, society were starting to see and recognise the immense power of computers……we will return soon to continue the story of progress !

最终，社会开始看到并认识到计算机的巨大力量……我们将尽快回来继续前进的故事！

翻译自: https://medium.com/swlh/history-of-computing-pti-6f14b8cca411

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