python 语法_语法比较swift vs python

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-27 12:20:46 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-27 12:20:46 发布

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文章标签： python

原文链接：https://medium.com/@kiran.sarella/syntax-comparison-swift-vs-python-5a3d6231d0fe

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python 语法

Sharing my notes that I prepared to remember the python syntax from already known language syntax. (Swift 4.2; Python 3.7)

分享我准备记住的已知语法中的python语法的注释。 (快速4.2; Python 3.7)

“The Loci method is one of the most ancient memorization tools known, and is based on attaching individual items you need to remember, to individual points on a route you are familiar with, so you can easily recall the items as you “walk” that route in your mind.”

“ 基因座方法是已知的最古老的记忆工具之一，它基于将您需要记住的单个项目附加到您熟悉的路线上的各个点上，因此您可以在“行走”时轻松回忆这些项目。在你的脑海中前进。”

Basics
基本
Collection Types
集合类型
Class, Struct
类，结构
Closures
关闭
Exception Handling
异常处理
Unit Testing
单元测试

导入模块 (Import Modules)

Swift

Swift

import Foundation

typealias a module

类型别名模块

typealias SMSomeStruct = SomeModule.SomeStruct

Import only parts from a module

仅从模块导入零件

import struct SomeModule.SomeStruct
import class SomeModule.SomeClass
import func SomeModule.someFunc

Python

Python

import calculator

typealias a module

类型别名模块

import calculator as calc

Import only parts from a module

仅从模块导入零件

from calculator import multiply# usage
result = multiply(2, 4)

常数 (Constants)

Swift

Swift

let maximumHeight = 50

Python

Python

Create constant.py file (global file)

创建constant.py文件(全局文件)

PI = 3.14
GRAVITY = 9.8
MAXIMUM_HEIGHT = 50

Usage:

用法：

import constantconstant.MAXIMUM_HEIGHT

变数 (Variables)

Swift

Swift

var userName = "Sit Bibendum"
userName = "Malesuada Mollis"

Python

Python

userName = "Sit Bibendum"
userName = "Malesuada Mollis"# Assigning multiple values to multiple variables
a, b, c = 5, 3.2, "Hello"# to assign the same value to multiple variables at once
x = y = z = 1000

注释 (Comments)

Swift

Swift

// single comment/* multi line comment */

Python

Python

# python comment, no multiline comment

打印 (Print)

Swift

Swift

let id = 525
let name = "Porta Tortor"print(id, name)		                // 525 Porta Tortor
print(id, name, separator: ", ")	// 525, Porta Tortor

Python

Python

id = 525
name = "Porta Tortor"print(id, name)		        # 525 Porta Tortor
print(id, name, sep=', ')	# 525, Porta Tortor

打印终止符用法 (Print Terminator Usage)

Swift

Swift

for i in 1 ..< 10 {
    print(i, terminator: " ")
    if i % 3 == 0 {
        print()
    }
}output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Python

Python

for i in range(1, 10):
  print(i, end=' ')
  if i % 3 == 0:
      print()output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

多行字符串 (Multiline Strings)

Swift

Swift

let html =
"""
<html>
    <body>  </body>
</html>
"""

Python

Python

html = """
<html>
    <body>  </body>
</html>
"""

(or) using single quotes

(或)使用单引号

html2 = '''
<html>
    <body>  </body>
</html>
'''

字符串插值 (String Interpolation)

Swift

Swift

let id = 525
let name = "Porta Tortor"let msg = "\(id): \(name)"      // 525: Porta Tortor

Python

Python

id = 525
name = "Porta Tortor"msg = "%d: %s" % (id, name)                     # 525: Porta Tortormsg = "{}: {}".format(id, name)			# 525: Porta Tortormsg = "{0}: {1}".format(id, name)		# 525: Porta Tortor

字符串串联 (String Concatenation)

Swift

Swift

let userID = 525
let firstName = "Cursus"
let lastName = "Dolor"let text = firstName + " " + lastName + " (" + String(userID) + ")."output:

Python

Python

userID = 525
firstName = "Cursus"
lastName = "Dolor"text = firstName + " " + lastName + " (" + str(userID) + ")."output:

如何获取对象类型？ (How to get object type ?)

Swift

Swift

let height = 5.7
type(of: height)	 // Double.Typeif height is Int {
    // ..
}

Python

Python

height = 5.7
type(height) 		# <type 'float'>if (type(height) is float):
    # ..

字符串到整数 (String to Int)

Swift

Swift

let userIDString = "525"
let userID = Int(userIDString)

Python

Python

user_id_string = "525"
user_id = int(user_id_string)

二进制到数字 (Binary to Number)

Swift

Swift

let binary = "11001"
let number = Int(binary, radix: 2)		// 25

Python

Python

binary = "11001"
number = int(binary,2)                         // 25

布尔型 (Boolean)

Swift

Swift

var isEnabled = true           // false

Python

Python

isEnabled = True   		# False

元组 (Tuples)

Swift

Swift

let http404Error = (404, "Not Found")let code = http404Error.0
let message = http404Error.1
// or
let (statusCode, statusMessage) = http404Error

Python

Python

http404Error = (404, "Not Found")code = http404Error[0]
message = http404Error[1]

无，无 (Nil, None)

Swift

Swift

var email: String? = nil

Python

Python

email = None

声明 (del Statement)

Swift

Swift

// ??

Python

Python

name = Mattis Ridiculus
del name 		# object will be deleted completly
print(name) 		# NameError: "name 'name' is not defined"

如果声明 (If Statement)

Swift

Swift

var email: String? = nil// Optional wrap
if let email = email {
    print(email)
} else {
    print("n/a")				
}// Force unwrap
if email != nil {
    print(email!)
} else {
    print("n/a")
}Output: n/a

Python

Python

email = Noneif email is not None:
    print(email)
else:
    print("n/a")

要么

if email != None:
    print(email)
else:
    print("n/a")
Output: n/a

如果有多个条件 (If with Multiple Conditions)

Swift

Swift

if self.x == other.x && self.y == other.y {
    return true
} else {
    return false
}

Python

Python

if (self.x == other.x and self.y == other.y):
    return True
else:
    return False

转义字符 (Escape characters)

Swift

Swift

let text = "one\ntwo\nthree"let regExp = "Language: \"Swift\", version: \"4.2\""

Python

Python

text = "one\ntwo\nthree"regExp = "Language: \"Python\", version: \"3.7\""# one two three
#

计数字符 (Counting Characters)

Swift

Swift

let text = "abc 123"
text.count					// 7

Python

Python

text = "abc 123"
len(text)					# 7

枚举 (Enum)

Swift

Swift

enum Color: Int {
    case red = 1
    case green
    case blue
    var name: String {
        switch self {
        case .red:
            return "red"
        case .green:
            return "green"
        case .blue:
            return "blue"
        }
    }
}// Usage:
Color.green
Color.green.name
Color.green.rawValuelet selectedColor = Color.greenif case Color.green = selectedColor {
    print("Selected right color")
} else {
    print("Wrong color selected \(selectedColor.name)")
}

Python

Python

from enum import Enumclass Color(Enum):
    red = 1
    green = 2
    blue = 3
Color.green                     # Color.green
Color.green.name		# green
Color.green.value		# 2# Usage:
selectedColor = Color.greenif selectedColor is Color.green:
    print("Selected Right color")
else:
    print("Wrong color selected: {}".format(selectedColor.name))

开关 (Switch)

Swift

Swift

switch input {
     case 0:
         //..
     case 1:
         break
     case 2:
         //..
}

Python

Python

python does not have any switch case statement. 
Alternatively we use dictionary mapping.

通过参考 (Pass by reference)

Swift

Swift

func swapInts(a: inout Int, b: inout Int) {
    let temp = a
    a = b
    b = temp
}var a = 50
var b = 100
swapInts(a: &a, b: &b)
print(a, b)

Python

Python

There are no variables in Python. There are names and objects in - Python and together they appear like variables

装饰工 (Decorators)

Swift

Swift

// TODO: ??

Python

Python

def validateInputs(input_function):
    def validation(a, b):
        if b == 0:
            print("Can't divide by 0")
            return
        return input_function(a, b)    # call input function
    return validation
@validateInputs
def div(a, b):
    return a / bdiv(10,0)# need to check how to achieve Decorator Pattern using python decorators. (ie.. without modifying the source code file)

收益(而非回报)，下一个 (Yield (instead of return), Next)

Swift

Swift

// achieve using closures
func makeIncrementer(_ amount: Int) -> () -> Int {
    var runningTotal = 0    func incrementer() -> Int {
        runningTotal += amount
        return runningTotal
    }
    return incrementer
}let incrementByTen = makeIncrementer(10)
incrementByTen()
incrementByTen()for _ in 0..<10 {
    print(incrementByTen())
}

Python

Python

def makeIncrementer(amount):
    runningTotal = 0
    while True:
        runningTotal  += amountyield runningTotal
incrementerByTen = makeIncrementer(10)
next(incrementerByTen)			# 10
next(incrementerByTen)			# 20for i in range(10):
    print(next(incrementerByTen))       # 30 40 ... 120

集合类型 (Collection Types)

数组 (Array)

阵列运算 (Array Operations)

Swift

Swift

var hetro: [Any] = ["one", 10, 2.5]hetro[0]
// Negative Indexing not allowedhetro[1] = "100"hetro.remove(at: 0)hetro.append("five")
hetro.append(4.9)
hetro.append("five")// No inbuilt method to remove an element directlyhetro.insert(10000, at: 1)

Python

Python

hetro = ["one", 10, 2.5]hetro[0]     # one
# reverse index
hetro[-1]    # 2.5
hetro[-2]    # 10hetro[1] = "100"# pop at index
hetro.pop(0)# append
hetro.append("five")				
hetro.append(4.9)
hetro.append("five")# remove first occurances
hetro.remove("five")# insert at index
hetro.insert(1, "100000")

空数组 (Empty array)

Swift

Swift

var list = [Any]()

Python

Python

list = []

多维数组 (Multidimensional arrays)

Swift

Swift

let matrix = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
matrix[0][0]
matrix[2][2]

Python

Python

matrix = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
matrix[0][0]								
matrix[2][2]

阵列长度 (Array Length)

Swift

Swift

let list = ["zero", "one", "two", "three", "four"]
list.count

Python

Python

list = ["zero", "one", "two", "three", "four"]
len(list)

阵列切片 (Array Slicing)

Swift

Swift

let list = ["zero", "one", "two", "three", "four"]list[1...4]
list[..<2]
list[2...]

Python

Python

list = ["zero", "one", "two", "three", "four"]list[1:4]    # ['one', 'two', 'three']
list[ :2]    # ['zero', 'one']
list[2: ]    # ['two', 'three', 'four']

list[start: end-1] understanding-pythons-slice-notation

list [start：end-1] 理解-pythons-slice-notation

具有默认值的数组 (Array with a Default Value)

Swift

Swift

var countArray = Array(repeating: 0, count: 10)		
// [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

Python

Python

countArray = [0] * 10
# or
countArray = [0 for i in range(10)]					# [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

组 (Set)

Swift

Swift

var basket: Set = ["one", "two", "three"]let isExists = basket.contains("one")basket.insert("four")basket.update(with: "four") // if aleady contains will return `input`; else returns nil;// there is no inbuild method for appending listbasket.remove("four")basket.popFirst()basket.removeAll()

Python

Python

basket = { "one", "two", "three"}
# or
basket = set({ "one", "two", "three"})isExists = "one" in basketbasket.add("four")basket.update(["five", "six"])basket.remove("six")basket.discard("six")   # If the item to remove does not exist, discard() will NOT raise an error.# take random element
random = basket.pop()   # threebasket.clear()   # set([])

空集 (Empty Set)

Swift

Swift

var basket = Set<AnyHashable>()		// Set([])

Python

Python

basket = set()						# set([])

辞典 (Dictionaries)

Swift

Swift

var info:[String: Any] = [
    "name": "Elit Vestibulum",
    "age": 43
]let name = info["name"]info["age"] = 54info["country"] = "Cursus Elit"
info.updateValue("Nibh Dapibus", forKey: "city")info.valuesinfo.keysinfo.removeValue(forKey: "age")info.removeAll()

Python

Python

info = {
    "name" : "Elit Vestibulum",
    "age": 43
}# get 
name = info["name"]					
name = info.get("name")# update
info["age"] = 54# add new pairs
info["country"] = "Cursus Elit"
info.update({"city": "Nibh Dapibus"})	# get all values
values = info.values()   # get all keys
keys = info.keys()# remove pair
info.pop("age")info.clear()  # {}

空字典 (Empty Dictionary)

Swift

Swift

var info = [String: Any]()      // [:]

Python

Python

info = dict()                  # {}

类 (Class)

你好，世界 (Hello World)

Swift

Swift

class MyClass {
    init() {
        print("Hello World")
    }
}let myObject = MyClass()

Python

Python

class MyClass:
    def __init__(self):
        print("Hello World")
myObject = MyClass()

基础数学课范例 (Basic Math Class Example)

Swift

Swift

class Math {
    let pi = 3.14
    func areaOfCircle(radius r: Double) -> Double {
        return pi * (r * r)
    }
    func sum(a: Int, b: Int) -> Int {
        return a + b
    }
}let math = Math()
let area = math.areaOfCircle(radius: 10)
let sum = math.sum(a: 5, b: 2)

Python

Python

class Math:
    pi = 3.14   # default initializer; to access `self` is required (ie. self.pi)
    def areaOfCircle(self, radius: float) -> float:
        return self.pi * (radius * radius)
    def sum(self, a, b):
        return a + b
    # Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions
    def substract(self, a: int, b: int) -> int:
        return a - b
math = Math()
area = math.areaOfCircle(10)			# 314.0
sum = math.sum(2, 5)				# 7
result = math.substract(2, 5)			# -3

初始化参数 (Init Params)

Swift

Swift

class Table {
    let multipler: Int
    init(input: Int) {
        self.multipler = input
    }
    func printTable(limit: Int = 10) {
        for i in 1 ... limit {
            print("\(multipler) * \(i) = \(i * multipler)")
        }
        print()
    }
}let table2 = Table(input: 2)
table2.printTable()
table2.printTable(limit: 5)

Python

Python

class Table:
   def __init__(self, input):
      self.multipler = input
   def printTable(self, limit = 10):
      for i in range(1, limit):
         print("%d * %d = %d" % (self.multipler, i,  
                                 self.multipler * i))
         print()
table_2 = Table(2)
table_2.printTable()
table_2.printTable(5)output:2 * 1 = 2 ..... 2 * 9 = 18
2 * 1 = 2 2 * 2 = 4 2 * 3 = 6 2 * 4 = 8

类继承，重写方法 (Class Inheritance, Overriding Methods)

Swift

Swift

class Employee {
    let id: Int
    let name: String    init(id: Int, name: String) {
        self.id = id
        self.name = name
    }    func printDetails() {
        print("id: \(id)")
        print("name: \(name)")
    }
}class Technician: Employee {
    let labId: String
    init(id: Int, name: String, labId: String) {
        self.labId = labId
        super.init(id: id, name: name)
    }    override func printDetails() {
        super.printDetails()
        print("labId: \(labId)")
    }
}let technician = Technician(id:

Python

Python

class Employee:
    def __init__(self, id, name):
        self.id = id
        self.name = name
    def printDetails(self):
        print("id: %s" % (self.id))
        print("name: %s" % (self.name))class Technician(Employee):
    def __init__(self, id, name, labID):
        self.labID = labID
        super().__init__(id, name)    # Override method
    def printDetails(self):
        super().printDetails()
        print("labID: %s" % (self.labID))
technician = Technician(2693, "Nibh Fringilla", "LAB001")
professor.printDetails()output:id: 2693 name: Nibh Fringilla labID: LAB001

私人的 (Private)

Swift

Swift

class Hacker {
    private var name = "Amet Lorem"
    private func details() {
        print(name)
    }
    func publicDetails() {
        print("random name")
    }
}let hacker = Hacker()
hacker.publicDetails()      // random name

Python

Python

class Hacker:
    __name = "Amet Lorem"    def __details(self):
        print(self.__name)
    def publicDetails(self):
        print("random name")
hacker = Hacker()
hacker.publicDetails()      # random name# "'Hacker' object has no attribute '..'" -- error for below commands
hacker.name
hacker.__name
hacker.details()
hacker.__details()

结构，数据类 (Structs, Data Classes)

Swift

Swift

struct Center {
    let x: Float
    let y: Float
}// Equatable ~= __eq__
// Hashable ~= __hash__
// CustomStringConvertible ~= __repr__

Python

Python

from dataclasses import dataclass@dataclass
class Center:
    x: float
    y: float
c1 = Center(4,5)
print(c1)            # Center(x=4, y=5)

Adventage of Data Classses: Auto generated _init_, _repr_, _eq_, ..

数据类的出现：自动生成的_ init _ ，_ repr _ ，_ eq _ ，..

ref: https://medium.com/mindorks/understanding-python-dataclasses-part-1-c3ccd4355c34

参考： https : //medium.com/mindorks/understanding-python-dataclasses-part-1-c3ccd4355c34

@dataclass(frozen = True)	# immutable# To control the auto generated methods
@dataclass(init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False)

same functionality using class:

使用类的相同功能：

class Center:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y    def __eq__(self, other):
        if (self.x == other.x and self.y == other.y):
            return True
        else:
            return False    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Point(x=%s, y=%s)' % (self.x, self.y)    # .. have to implement all functions manually

关闭 (Closures)

基本的 (Basic)

Swift

Swift

var addTen = { $0 + 10 }
addTen(5)     # 15

Python

Python

lambda arguments: expression

lambda参数：表达式

Note: Only one expression (a + 10) is allowed with lambda functions.

注意： lambda函数只允许使用 一个表达式( a + 10 ) 。

addTen = lambda a: a + 10
addTen(5)       # 15# or use `def` if cannot achieve in single expressiondef addTen(a): 
    ..
    ..
    return a + 10

多个输入 (Multiple inputs)

Swift

Swift

var product: ((Int, Int) -> (Int)) = { a, b in
    return a * b
}product(5, 10)

Python

Python

product = lambda a, b: a * bproduct(5, 10)	# 50

Lambda函数 (Lambda function)

Swift

Swift

func makeNTimes(_ n: Int) -> ((Int) -> Int) {
    return { a in return a * n }
}var doubler = makeNTimes(2)
doubler(10)
var tripler = makeNTimes(3)
tripler(10)

Python

Python

def makeNTimes(n):
    return lambda a: a * n
doubler = makeNTimes(2)
doubler(10)	# 20tripler = makeNTimes(3)
tripler(10)	# 30

地图 (Map)

Swift

Swift

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]let result = numbers.map { $0 * 2 }

Python

Python

map(function, iterables)

地图(函数，可迭代)

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]multiply2 = lambda x: x * 2result = list(map(multiply2, numbers))	# orresult = list(map(lambda x: x * 2, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))output:[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

过滤 (Filter)

Swift

Swift

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]let result = numbers.filter { $0 % 2 == 0 }

Python

Python

filter(function, iterable)

过滤器(功能，可迭代)

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]result = list(filter(lambda x : x % 2 == 0, numbers)) # [2, 4, 6]

减少 (Reduce)

Swift

Swift

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]let res = numbers.reduce(1) { (result, value) -> Int in
    return result * value
}

Python

Python

reduce(function, iterable)

减少(功能，迭代)

from functools import reducenumbers = exp = lambda x: x * 2product = reduce(exp, numbers)  
# 720

异常处理 (Exception Handling)

用户定义的异常 (User-defined Exceptions)

Swift

Swift

enum InputValidationError: Error {
    case invalidInput(String)
}func validateAge(_ age: Int) throws {
    if age < 0 {
        throw InputValidationError.invalidInput("Only positive   integers are allowed")
    }
}
do {
    try validateAge(-2)
} catch InputValidationError.invalidInput(let message) {
    print("Exception: ", message)
}

Python

Python

class InputValidationError(Exception):
   def __init__(self, message):
      self.message = messagedef validateAge(age):
    if age < 0:
        raise InputValidationError('Only positive integers are allowed')
try:
    validateAge(-1)
except InputValidationError as error:
    print("Exception: ", error.message)
except:
    print("something is wrong")

例 (Example)

Swift

Swift

enum CommonError: Error {
    case divisionByZero
}func divide(_ a: Int, by b: Int) throws -> Int {
    if b == 0 {
        throw CommonError.divisionByZero
    }
    return a / b
}
var result: Int
do {
    result = try divide(10, by: 0)
} catch CommonError.divisionByZero {
    print("division by zero!")
} catch {
    //
}Note: 
- In Swift there is no functionality to catch arbitrary runtime errors.
- no `finally`make use of `defer`

Python

Python

def divide(x, y):
     try:
         result = x / y
     except ZeroDivisionError:
         print("division by zero!")
     else:
         print("result is ", result)
     finally:
         print(".. executing finally")
>> divide(2, 1)
output:result is 2.0
.. executing finally>> divide(2, 0)division by zero!
.. executing finally

单元测试 (Unit Tests)

例 (Example)

Swift

Swift

import XCTest
@testable import AppTargetclass AppHelperTests: XCTestCase {
    let calculator = Calculator()
    override func setUp() {
        super.setUp()
        // ..
    }
    override func tearDown() {
        // ..
        super.tearDown()
    }
    func testAdd() {
        let result = calculator.add(2, 3)
        XCTAssertEqual(result, 5)
    }
    func testMultiply() {
        let result = calculator.multiply(2, 3)
        XCTAssertEqual(result, 6)
    }
}

Python

Python

calculator.py

计算器

def add(a, b):
    return a + b
def multiply(a, b):
    return a * b
import unittest
import calculatorclass TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):    def setUp(self):
        pass
    def tearDown(self):
        pass
    def test_add(self):
        result = calculator.add(2, 3)
        self.assertEqual(result, 5)
    def test_multiply(self):
        result = calculator.multiply(2, 3)
        self.assertEqual(result, 6)

Running Tests

运行测试

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
# Console output:
..
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.000sOK

pass Statement:

通过声明：

used when a statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command or code to execute.

在语法上需要语句但您不希望执行任何命令或代码时使用。

List of assets: ref: https://docs.python.org/2/library/unittest.html

资产列表：参考： https : //docs.python.org/2/library/unittest.html

Corrections are welcome :). Thank You.

欢迎更正:)。谢谢。

翻译自: https://medium.com/@kiran.sarella/syntax-comparison-swift-vs-python-5a3d6231d0fe

python 语法

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