转载: http://www.hankcs.com/program/java/lucene-scoring-algorithm-explained.html
Lucene的IndexSearcher提供一个explain方法,能够解释Document的Score是怎么得来的,具体每一部分的得分都可以详细地打印出来。这里用一个中文实例来纯手工验算一遍Lucene的评分算法,并且结合Lucene的源码做一个解释。
首先是测试用例,我使用“食品安全”来检索一个含有title与content域的文档。
然后是是输出,注意它有缩进,代表一个个的层级:
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5.6394258 = (MATCH) sum of:
5.3901243 = (MATCH) sum of:
3.2243047 = (MATCH) weight(title:食品 in 361) [DefaultSimilarity], result of:
3.2243047 = score(doc=361,freq=1.0 = termFreq=1.0
), product of:
0.66116947 = queryWeight, product of:
5.5733356 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=1453)
0.11863084 = queryNorm
4.876669 = fieldWeight in 361, product of:
1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
1.0 = termFreq=1.0
5.5733356 = idf(docFreq=14, maxDocs=1453)
0.875 = fieldNorm(doc=361)
2.16582 = (MATCH) weight(title:安全 in 361) [DefaultSimilarity], result of:
2.16582 = score(doc=361,freq=1.0 = termFreq=1.0
), product of:
0.5418835 = queryWeight, product of:
4.5678134 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=1453)
0.11863084 = queryNorm
3.9968367 = fieldWeight in 361, product of:
1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
1.0 = termFreq=1.0
4.5678134 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=1453)
0.875 = fieldNorm(doc=361)
0.24930152 = (MATCH) sum of:
0.17587993 = (MATCH) weight(content:食品 in 361) [DefaultSimilarity], result of:
0.17587993 = score(doc=361,freq=13.0 = termFreq=13.0
), product of:
0.43032452 = queryWeight, product of:
3.6274254 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=1453)
0.11863084 = queryNorm
0.40871462 = fieldWeight in 361, product of:
3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
13.0 = termFreq=13.0
3.6274254 = idf(docFreq=104, maxDocs=1453)
0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=361)
0.073421605 = (MATCH) weight(content:安全 in 361) [DefaultSimilarity], result of:
0.073421605 = score(doc=361,freq=11.0 = termFreq=11.0
), product of:
0.28989288 = queryWeight, product of:
2.4436553 = idf(docFreq=342, maxDocs=1453)
0.11863084 = queryNorm
0.2532715 = fieldWeight in 361, product of:
3.3166249 = tf(freq=11.0), with freq of:
11.0 = termFreq=11.0
2.4436553 = idf(docFreq=342, maxDocs=1453)
0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=361)
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这个看起来可真是头疼,尝试解释一下:
首先,需要学习Lucene的评分计算公式——
分值计算方式为查询语句q中每个项t与文档d的匹配分值之和,当然还有权重的因素。其中每一项的意思如下表所示:
表3.5 | 评分公式中的因子 |
评分因子 | 描 述 |
tf(t in d) | 项频率因子——文档(d)中出现项(t)的频率 |
idf(t) | 项在倒排文档中出现的频率:它被用来衡量项的“唯一”性.出现频率较高的term具有较低的idf,出现较少的term具有较高的idf |
boost(t.field in d) | 域和文档的加权,在索引期间设置.你可以用该方法 对某个域或文档进行静态单独加权 |
lengthNorm(t.field in d) | 域的归一化(Normalization)值,表示域中包含的项数量.该值在索引期间计算,并保存在索引norm中.对于该因子,更短的域(或更少的语汇单元)能获得更大的加权 |
coord(q,d) | 协调因子(Coordination factor),基于文档中包含查询的项个数.该因子会对包含更多搜索项的文档进行类似AND的加权 |
queryNorm(q) | 每个査询的归一化值,指毎个查询项权重的平方和 |
总匹配分值的计算
具体到上面的测试来讲,每个文档有两个域:title和content,最终匹配分值=查询语句在两个域中的得分之和。即最终结果5.6394258 = 5.3901243 + 0.24930152。
查询语句在某个域匹配分值计算
这个5.3901243是如何来的呢?查询语句有两个项t:"食品"和"安全"。所以计算结果等于这两部分的和:“食品”在title中的匹配分值 + “安全”在title中的匹配分值。即 5.3901243 = 3.2243047 + 2.16582 。
某个项在某个域的匹配分值的计算
接下来我们看看“食品”在title中的匹配分值 3.2243047 是怎么算出来的。t在field中的分值score = 查询权重queryWeight * 域权重fieldWeight,即 3.2243047 = 0.66116947 * 4.876669 。
queryWeight的计算
queryWeight的计算可以在TermQuery$TermWeight.normalize(float)方法中看到计算的实现:
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public
void
normalize(
float
queryNorm) {
this
.queryNorm = queryNorm;
//原来queryWeight 为idf*t.getBoost(),现在为queryNorm*idf*t.getBoost()。
queryWeight *= queryNorm;
value = queryWeight * idf;
}
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其实默认情况下,queryWeight = idf * queryNorm,因为Lucene中默认的boost = 1.0。
查询权重queryWeight 0.66116947 的计算方法:查询权重queryWeight = idf * queryNorm,即 0.66116947 = 5.5733356 * 0.11863084。
idf的计算
idf是项在倒排文档中出现的频率,计算方式为
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/** Implemented as <code>log(numDocs/(docFreq+1)) + 1</code>. */
@Override
public
float
idf(
long
docFreq,
long
numDocs) {
return
(
float
)(Math.log(numDocs/(
double
)(docFreq+
1
)) +
1.0
);
}
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docFreq是根据指定关键字进行检索,检索到的Document的数量,我们测试的docFreq=14;numDocs是指索引文件中总共的Document的数量,我们测试的numDocs=1453。用计算器验证一下,没有错误,这里就不啰嗦了。
queryNorm的计算
queryNorm的计算在DefaultSimilarity类中实现,如下所示:
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/** Implemented as <code>1/sqrt(sumOfSquaredWeights)</code>. */
public
float
queryNorm(
float
sumOfSquaredWeights) {
return
(
float
)(
1.0
/ Math.sqrt(sumOfSquaredWeights));
}
|
这里,sumOfSquaredWeights的计算是在org.apache.lucene.search.TermQuery.TermWeight类中的sumOfSquaredWeights方法实现:
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public
float
sumOfSquaredWeights() {
queryWeight = idf * getBoost();
// compute query weight
return
queryWeight * queryWeight;
// square it
}
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其实默认情况下,sumOfSquaredWeights = idf * idf,因为Lucune中默认的boost = 1.0。
上面测试例子中sumOfSquaredWeights的计算如下所示:
sumOfSquaredWeights = 5.5733356 * 5.5733356 + 4.5678134 * 4.5678134 + 3.6274254 * 3.6274254 + 2.4436553 * 2.4436553 = 71.05665522523017;
上面的四个weight分别来自 {食品, 安全} * {title, content} 这四个组合。
然后,就可以计算queryNorm的值了,计算如下所示:
queryNorm = (float)(1.0 / Math.sqrt(71.05665522523017) = 0.11863084386918748683822481722352;
fieldWeight的计算
在org/apache/lucene/search/similarities/TFIDFSimilarity.java的explainScore方法中有:
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// explain field weight
Explanation fieldExpl =
new
Explanation();
fieldExpl.setDescription(
"fieldWeight in "
+doc+
", product of:"
);
Explanation tfExplanation =
new
Explanation();
tfExplanation.setValue(tf(freq.getValue()));
tfExplanation.setDescription(
"tf(freq="
+freq.getValue()+
"), with freq of:"
);
tfExplanation.addDetail(freq);
fieldExpl.addDetail(tfExplanation);
fieldExpl.addDetail(stats.idf);
Explanation fieldNormExpl =
new
Explanation();
float
fieldNorm = norms !=
null
? decodeNormValue(norms.get(doc)) :
1
.0f;
fieldNormExpl.setValue(fieldNorm);
fieldNormExpl.setDescription(
"fieldNorm(doc="
+doc+
")"
);
fieldExpl.addDetail(fieldNormExpl);
fieldExpl.setValue(tfExplanation.getValue() *
stats.idf.getValue() *
fieldNormExpl.getValue());
result.addDetail(fieldExpl);
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重点是这一句:
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fieldExpl.setValue(tfExplanation.getValue() *
stats.idf.getValue() *
fieldNormExpl.getValue());
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使用计算式表示就是
fieldWeight = tf * idf * fieldNorm
tf和idf的计算参考前面的,fieldNorm的计算在索引的时候确定了,此时直接从索 引文件中读取,这个方法并没有给出直接的计算。如果使用DefaultSimilarity的话,它实际上就是lengthNorm,域越长的话Norm 越小,在org/apache/lucene/search/similarities/DefaultSimilarity.java里面有关于它的计 算:
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public float lengthNorm(FieldInvertState state) {
final int numTerms;
if (discountOverlaps)
numTerms = state.getLength() - state.getNumOverlap();
else
numTerms = state.getLength();
return state.getBoost() * ((float) (1.0 / Math.sqrt(numTerms)));
}
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这个我就不再验算了,每个域的Terms数量开方求倒数乘以该域的boost得出最终的结果。