c语言结构体基础 + 难点梳理

概述

1. 结构体跟数组完全不一样，许多特性反而跟基本类型一致；
2. 声明时，成员以分号结尾，赋值时则以逗号隔开；
3. 长度计算，根据内存存储图来思考：
4. 成员起始地址为期所占内存的整数倍
5. 总占内存数为成员最大基类型(不包括扩展类型)的整数倍
6. 所以定义结构体时要考虑成员间的顺序，以便减少无效内存占用
7. 结构体变量名就是所有成员的集合，需要其地址的话要用&结构体名

1. 结构体基本语法代码 

  1 /*
  2  * author: tianqiang
  3  * date  :2022/0518
  4  * description: 结构体基本语法
  5  *              1）结构体类型声明时，成员结尾为分号；
  6  *              2）整体赋值时，成员间以逗号隔开;
  7  *              3)编译器会隐式的自动地址对齐
  8  *              4）成员的起始地址为其所占内存的整数倍；
  9  *              5）总占内存数为成员最大基础类型(不包括扩展类)的整数倍；
 10  */
 11
 12 #include <stdio.h>
 13
 14 struct Student {
 15     char name[50]; //类型声明的时，成员结尾用分号
 16     int score;
 17     int num;
 18 };
 19
 20 typedef struct {
 21    char *name; //这里是指针类型，所以所占内存大小不变。
 22    double score;
 23    int num;
 24 } STUDENT;
 25
 26 static int MONTH = 12;
 27 int main () {
 28     struct Student tianqiang;
 29     struct Student *pStudent;
 30     strcpy(tianqiang.name, "qi");
 31     tianqiang.score = 98;
 32     tianqiang.num = 3;
 33
 34     printf("tianqiang.name = %s, tianqiang.score = %d, tianqiang.num = %d \n", tianqiang.name, tianqiang.score, tianqiang.num);
 35     pStudent = &tianqiang;
 36     //pStudent->name = "jianmei";
 37     pStudent->num = 4;
 38     printf("tianqiang.name = %s, tianqiang.score = %d, tianqiang.num = %d \n", tianqiang.name, tianqiang.score, tianqiang.num);
 39     printf("pStudent->name = %s, pStudent->score = %d, pStudent->num = %d \n", pStudent->name, pStudent->score, pStudent->num);
 40
 41     STUDENT zeyu = {"y", 100, 1}; //定义通俗易懂赋值时，中间用逗号隔开，而不是分号
 42     printf("zeyu.name = %s, zeyu.score = %f, zeyu.num = %ld \n", zeyu.name, zeyu.score, zeyu.num);
 43
 44     STUDENT *pZeyu = &zeyu;
 45     printf("sizeof(zeyu) = %ld, sizeof(pZeyu) = %ld \n", sizeof(zeyu), sizeof(pZeyu));
 46     printf("sizeof(tianqiang) = %ld, sizeof(pStudent) = %ld \n", sizeof(tianqiang), sizeof(pStudent));
 47
 48     printf("sizeof(MONTH) = %d \n", sizeof(MONTH));
 49     return 0;
 50 }
 51 /*
 52  * out put:
 53  *tianqiang.name = qi, tianqiang.score = 98, tianqiang.num = 3
 54  tianqiang.name = qi, tianqiang.score = 98, tianqiang.num = 4
 55  pStudent->name = qi, pStudent->score = 98, pStudent->num = 4
 56  zeyu.name = y, zeyu.score = 100.000000, zeyu.num = 1
 57  sizeof(zeyu) = 24, sizeof(pZeyu) = 8
 58  sizeof(tianqiang) = 60, sizeof(pStudent) = 8
 59  sizeof(MONTH) = 4
 60  *
 61  */