主要特征
1、使用hash函数
2、预处理阶段时间复杂度O(m),常量空间
3、查找阶段时间复杂度O(mn)
4、期望运行时间:O(n+m)
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算法描述
在大多数实际情况下,Hash法提供了避免二次方比较时间的一种简单的方法. 不同于检查文本中的每一个位置是否匹配,只检查模式串和指定文本窗口的相似性似乎更高效. hash函数被用来检查两个字符串的相似度.
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有利于字符串匹配的hash函数应该有如下的性能:
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1. 高效可计算; -
2. 对字符串高度识别; -
3. hash(y[j+1 .. j+m]) 必须要很容易计算 hash(y[j .. j+m-1]) 和y[j+m]:
hash(y[j+1 .. j+m])= rehash(y[j], y[j+m], hash(y[j .. j+m-1]).
对于一个单词w 长度为m,hash(w) 定义如下:
hash(w[0 .. m-1])=(w[0]*2m-1+ w[1]*2m-2+···+ w[m-1]*20) mod q
其中q 是一个很大的数.
rehash(a,b,h)= ((h-a*2m-1)*2+b) mod q
Karp-Rabin 算法的预处理阶段由计算hash(x)构成. 在常量空间和O(m) 执行时间内完成.
在搜索阶段,使用hash(y[j .. j+m-1]) 0 j < n-m,比较hash(x) 就足够了. 如果hash值相等,依然需要逐个字符去比较 x=y[j .. j+m-1]是否相等.
Karp-Rabin算法的搜索阶段的时间复杂度为:O(mn) (例如在an 中搜索 am).期望比较次数为: O(n+m).
举例
预处理阶段: hash[y]=17597
搜索阶段:
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[0 .. 7]) = 17819
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[1 .. 8]) = 17533
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[2 .. 9]) = 17979
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[3 .. 10]) = 19389
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[4 .. 11]) = 17339
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[5 .. 12]) = 17597
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[6 .. 13]) = 17102
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[7 .. 14]) = 17117
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[8 .. 15]) = 17678
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[9 .. 16]) = 17245
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[10 .. 17]) = 17917
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[11 .. 18]) = 17723
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[12 .. 19]) = 18877
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[13 .. 20]) = 19662
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[14 .. 21]) = 17885
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[15 .. 22]) = 19197
G | C | A | T | C | G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G | T | A | T | A | C | A | G | T | A | C | G |
G | C | A | G | A | G | A | G |
hash(y[16 .. 23]) = 16961
上面的例子中Karp-Rabin 算法执行8个字符的比较.
C代码实现
// Completed on 2014.10.7 8:45 // Language: C99 // // 版权所有(C)codingwu (mail: oskernel@126.com) // 博客地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/archimedes/ #define REHASH(a, b, h) ((((h) - (a)*d) << 1) + (b)) int KR(char *x, int m, char *y, int n) { int d, hx, hy, i, j; /* 预处理*/ /* 计算 d = 2^(m-1) 使用左移位运算操作 */ for (d = i = 1; i < m; ++i) d = (d<<1); for (hy = hx = i = 0; i < m; ++i) { hx = ((hx<<1) + x[i]); hy = ((hy<<1) + y[i]); } /* 搜索*/ j = 0; while (j <= n-m) { if (hx == hy && memcmp(x, y + j, m) == 0) return j; hy = REHASH(y[j], y[j + m], hy); ++j; } }
参考资料
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