设计模式（十三）享元模式

定义

享元模式是一种结构型模式，运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度的对象。

单纯享元模式

在享元模式中，就其定义我们可以构建出单纯的享元模式。下图是单纯享元模式的类图：

在单纯的享元模式中，需要给出一个抽象接口，以规定出所有具体享元角色需要实现的方法。实现如下：

Flyweight.java

public interface Flyweight {
    public void operation(String state);
}
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对于享元部分，ConcreteFlyweight 必须是可共享的，它保存的任何状态都必须是内部(intrinsic)，ConcreteFlyweight 必须和它的应用环境场合无关。比如字符串 “Hello” 就无需关心使用它的场合，它是一个不可变的对象。

ConcreteFlyweight.java

public class ConcreteFlyweight implements Flyweight {

    private String intrinsicState = null;

    /**
     * 构造函数 内蕴状态作为参数传入
     */
    public ConcreteFlyweight(String _intrinsicState) {
        this.intrinsicState = _intrinsicState;
    }

    /**
     * 外蕴状态作为参数传入方法中 改变方法的行为 但是并不改变对象的内蕴状态
     */
    @Override
    public void operation(String extrinsicState) {
        System.out.println("内蕴状态：" + intrinsicState);
        System.out.println("外蕴状态：" + extrinsicState);
    }

}
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在享元模式中，有一个至关重要的模块就是工厂模块了。在 Flyweight Factory 里维护了一个 Flyweight 池(存放内部状态)，Flyweight Factory 就是通过这个 Flyweight 池对整个享元模式进行控制。

FlyweightFactory.java

public class FlyweightFactory {

    private Map<Integer, Flyweight> labels = new HashMap<Integer, Flyweight>();

    public Flyweight factory(String intrinsicState) {

        int hashCode = intrinsicState.hashCode();

        Flyweight fly = labels.get(hashCode);

        if (fly == null) {
            fly = new ConcreteFlyweight(intrinsicState);
            labels.put(hashCode, fly);
        }

        return fly;
    }
}
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在上面的工厂模块中可以看到，FlyweightFactory 实际上是起到了一个过滤筛选的功能，过滤重复的对象，缓存新对象。

不共享的享元模式

与共享的享元对象相对的就是不共享的享元对象。关于不共享的享元对象，可能你会有一些疑问，既然不共享，为何还要包含到享元模式中来呢？这可能是出于完整性的考虑，或是要某些场景下既要使用共享的享元，又要使用不共享的享元吧。关于这一点本人也还没有完全理解，也有可能根本不需要这一个不共享的享元对象吧。下面是不共享的享元类图：

不共享的享元实现与 ConcreteFlyweight 无异。如下： UnsharedConcreteFlyweight.java

public class UnsharedConcreteFlyweight implements Flyweight {

    private String intrinsicState = null;

    public UnsharedConcreteFlyweight(String _intrinsicState) {
        this.intrinsicState = _intrinsicState;
    }

    @Override
    public void operation(String extrinsicState) {
        System.out.println("内蕴状态：" + intrinsicState);
        System.out.println("外蕴状态：" + extrinsicState);
    }
}
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下面是对单纯的享元与不共享的享元进行测试的代码。

Client.java

public class Client {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FlyweightFactory factory = new FlyweightFactory();

        Flyweight fly1 = factory.factory("Hello");
        fly1.operation("ExtrinsicState-1");

        Flyweight fly2 = factory.factory("DesignPattern");
        fly2.operation("ExtrinsicState-2");

        Flyweight fly3 = factory.factory("Flyweight");
        fly3.operation("ExtrinsicState-3");

        Flyweight fly4 = factory.factory("Hello");
        fly4.operation("ExtrinsicState-4");

        System.out.println("fly1 == fly2 ? " + (fly1 == fly2));
        System.out.println("fly1 == fly3 ? " + (fly1 == fly3));
        System.out.println("fly1 == fly4 ? " + (fly1 == fly4));

        Flyweight fly5 = new UnsharedConcreteFlyweight("Unshared");
        fly5.operation("ExtrinsicState-5");
    }
}
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内蕴状态：Hello
外蕴状态：ExtrinsicState-1
内蕴状态：DesignPattern
外蕴状态：ExtrinsicState-2
内蕴状态：Flyweight
外蕴状态：ExtrinsicState-3
内蕴状态：Hello
外蕴状态：ExtrinsicState-4
fly1 == fly2 ? false
fly1 == fly3 ? false
fly1 == fly4 ? true
内蕴状态：Unshared
外蕴状态：ExtrinsicState-5

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复合享元模式

在上面的单纯享元中，所有的享元可以说是在同一个分组里。有时候这样的大集合可能并不能发挥出很好的应用功能，所以引入了复合式的享元模式。下面是复合式享元模式类图：

复合式享元相当于多个单纯享元的集合。

也就是说复合享元相当于对单纯享元进行了一个再分组，在复合享元的每个分组里又是一个独立的单纯享元模式。相关关键代码如下：

ConcreteCompositeFlyweight.java

public class ConcreteCompositeFlyweight implements Flyweight {

    private Map<Integer, Flyweight> labels = new HashMap<Integer, Flyweight>();

    public void add(int key, Flyweight flyweight) {
        labels.put(key, flyweight);
    }

    @Override
    public void operation(String extrinsicState) {
        Flyweight flyweight = null;
        for (Object key : labels.keySet()) {
            flyweight = labels.get(key);
            flyweight.operation(extrinsicState);
        }
    }
}
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对于其构建工厂也需要进行重新设计，如下：

FlyweightFactory.java

public class FlyweightFactory {

    private Map<Integer, Flyweight> labels = new HashMap<Integer, Flyweight>();

    /**
     * 单纯享元工厂
     */
    public Flyweight factory(String intrinsicState) {
         ... ...
         return fly;
    }

    /**
     * 复合享元工厂
     */
    public Flyweight compositeFactory(List<String> intrinsicStates) {
        ConcreteCompositeFlyweight flyweight = new ConcreteCompositeFlyweight();

        for (String intrinsicState : intrinsicStates) {
            flyweight.add(intrinsicState.hashCode(), factory(intrinsicState));
        }

        return flyweight;
    }
}
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测试类

Client.java

public void compositeFlyweight() {
        List<String> intrinsicStates = new ArrayList<String>();
        intrinsicStates.add("Hello");
        intrinsicStates.add("Java");
        intrinsicStates.add("DesignPattern");
        intrinsicStates.add("Flyweight");

        FlyweightFactory factory = new FlyweightFactory();
        Flyweight flyweight1 = factory.compositeFactory(intrinsicStates);
        Flyweight flyweight2 = factory.compositeFactory(intrinsicStates);
        System.out.println("flyweight1 == flyweight2 ? " + (flyweight1 == flyweight2));

        flyweight1.operation("复合享元-1");
        flyweight2.operation("复合享元-2");
    }
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flyweight1 == flyweight2 ? false
内蕴状态：Java
外蕴状态：复合享元-1
内蕴状态：Flyweight
外蕴状态：复合享元-1
内蕴状态：Hello
外蕴状态：复合享元-1
内蕴状态：DesignPattern
外蕴状态：复合享元-1
内蕴状态：Java
外蕴状态：复合享元-2
内蕴状态：Flyweight
外蕴状态：复合享元-2
内蕴状态：Hello
外蕴状态：复合享元-2
内蕴状态：DesignPattern
外蕴状态：复合享元-2
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JDK 里的享元模式

在 JDK 的设计里，也有很享元模式。比如一些常量池的设计（String 常量池、Integer 常量池等等）；

note:生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美

转载于:https://juejin.im/post/5cd183ab6fb9a03223353f99