Handler、Thread和Runnable在开发中频繁使用，很多新手都因为概念不清而头绪全无，在这我来简单得缕缕这三者的联系与区别。
Runnable是最简单的，它并没有什么包装，Android源码如下：
1 /** 2 * Represents a command that can be executed. Often used to run code in a 3 * different {@link Thread}. 4 */ 5 public interface Runnable { 6 7 /** 8 * Starts executing the active part of the class' code. This method is 9 * called when a thread is started that has been created with a class which 10 * implements {@code Runnable}. 11 */ 12 public void run(); 13 }
Runnable就是一个非常简单的接口，注释上说的是“代表一个能被执行的命令，总是用来在新的线程中运行”。
我们再来看看Runnable的子类Thread，我们经常使用Thread来新建一个线程脱离原线程来单独跑，也经常把Runnable的实现类用Thread来包装成线程的主要执行内容：Thread thread = new Thread(Runnable)。我们就先来屡屡Thread thread = new Thread(Runnable)的过程。
1 /** 2 * Constructs a new {@code Thread} with a {@code Runnable} object and a 3 * newly generated name. The new {@code Thread} will belong to the same 4 * {@code ThreadGroup} as the {@code Thread} calling this constructor. 5 * 6 * @param runnable 7 * a {@code Runnable} whose method <code>run</code> will be 8 * executed by the new {@code Thread} 9 * 10 * @see java.lang.ThreadGroup 11 * @see java.lang.Runnable 12 */ 13 public Thread(Runnable runnable) { 14 create(null, runnable, null, 0); 15 }
注释说用Runnable来构造一个线程实例，且创建的线程属于相同的ThreadGroup（是一种线程容器，create方法的第一个参数代表这个），我们来看看create方法都做了什么。
/** * Initializes a new, existing Thread object with a runnable object, * the given name and belonging to the ThreadGroup passed as parameter. * This is the method that the several public constructors delegate their * work to. * * @param group ThreadGroup to which the new Thread will belong * @param runnable a java.lang.Runnable whose method <code>run</code> will * be executed by the new Thread * @param threadName Name for the Thread being created * @param stackSize Platform dependent stack size * @throws IllegalThreadStateException if <code>group.destroy()</code> has * already been done * @see java.lang.ThreadGroup * @see java.lang.Runnable */ private void create(ThreadGroup group, Runnable runnable, String threadName, long stackSize) { Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread(); if (group == null) { //前面我们说过了，用Runnable新建的线程和原线程属于同一线程容器 group = currentThread.getThreadGroup(); } if (group.isDestroyed()) { throw new IllegalThreadStateException("Group already destroyed"); } this.group = group; //此处用synchronized来保证新建的线程id+1并且使唯一的 synchronized (Thread.class) { id = ++Thread.count; } //threadName if (threadName == null) { this.name = "Thread-" + id; } else { this.name = threadName; } //相当于目标任务 this.target = runnable; //线程开辟栈的大小，为0就是默认值8M this.stackSize = stackSize; //新线程的优先级和父线程是一样的 this.priority = currentThread.getPriority(); this.contextClassLoader = currentThread.contextClassLoader; // Transfer over InheritableThreadLocals. if (currentThread.inheritableValues != null) { inheritableValues = new ThreadLocal.Values(currentThread.inheritableValues); } // add ourselves to our ThreadGroup of choice this.group.addThread(this); }
在新建完线程之后，我们有两种方法来启动线程任务：thread.run() ; thread.start()。这两者有啥区别嘞？都是这么说的：
thread.run() ，实际上只是在UI线程执行了Runnable的任务方法并没有实现多线程，系统也没有新开辟一个线程。
thread.start()，才是新开一个多线程，并且在新开的线程执行Thread你们的run()方法。
对于thread.run(),由简单的java继承机制也知道，它只是执行了Runnable的run方法，我们来看看源码吧！
1 /** 2 * Calls the <code>run()</code> method of the Runnable object the receiver 3 * holds. If no Runnable is set, does nothing. 4 * 5 * @see Thread#start 6 */ 7 public void run() { 8 if (target != null) { 9 target.run(); 10 } 11 }
由上面的create方法我们知道target就是Runnable包装在thread中的实例，还没有做任何事情，我们知道线程的新建需要请求CPU，所以直接调用run方法确实没有新建线程，只是在currentThread中直接执行了一个方法而已。我们再来看看thread.start()方法的流程又是怎么样的。
1 /** 2 * Starts the new Thread of execution. The <code>run()</code> method of 3 * the receiver will be called by the receiver Thread itself (and not the 4 * Thread calling <code>start()</code>). 5 * 6 * @throws IllegalThreadStateException - if this thread has already started. 7 * @see Thread#run 8 */ 9 public synchronized void start() { 10 checkNotStarted(); 11 12 hasBeenStarted = true; 13 14 nativeCreate(this, stackSize, daemon); 15 } 16 17 private native static void nativeCreate(Thread t, long stackSize, boolean daemon);
方法同样用synchronized关键字修饰，用来防止同一个线程阻塞。而方法的执行交给了nativeCreate方法，并且把当前Thread的实例自己传了进去，而this中就我们所知的，带了这么几个参数：
1 volatile ThreadGroup group; 2 volatile boolean daemon; 3 volatile String name; 4 volatile int priority; 5 volatile long stackSize; 6 Runnable target; 7 private static int count = 0; 8 9 /** 10 * Holds the thread's ID. We simply count upwards, so 11 * each Thread has a unique ID. 12 */ 13 private long id; 14 15 /** 16 * Normal thread local values. 17 */ 18 ThreadLocal.Values localValues; 19 20 /** 21 * Inheritable thread local values. 22 */ 23 ThreadLocal.Values inheritableValues;
那我们只好跟过去，看看在native中到底是怎么新建的新建的线程，资源又是如何请求的（新建线程的关键）。
顺着nativeCreate方法，我们发现它换了方法名调用的/android/art/runtime/native/java_lang_Thread.cc里面方法，名字换成了CreateNativeThread：
1 static JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = { 2 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, currentThread, "!()Ljava/lang/Thread;"), 3 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, interrupted, "!()Z"), 4 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, isInterrupted, "!()Z"), 5 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, nativeCreate, "(Ljava/lang/Thread;JZ)V"), 6 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, nativeGetStatus, "(Z)I"), 7 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, nativeHoldsLock, "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z"), 8 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, nativeInterrupt, "!()V"), 9 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, nativeSetName, "(Ljava/lang/String;)V"), 10 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, nativeSetPriority, "(I)V"), 11 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, sleep, "!(Ljava/lang/Object;JI)V"), 12 NATIVE_METHOD(Thread, yield, "()V"), 13 };
我们可以看到关于线程管理的一些方法全在里面，包括sleep、interrupted等，继续dig到CreateNativeThread的实现
1 void Thread::CreateNativeThread(JNIEnv* env, jobject java_peer, size_t stack_size, bool is_daemon) { 2 CHECK(java_peer != nullptr);//即为java层的thread实例，包裹着run方法的具体实现 3 Thread* self = static_cast<JNIEnvExt*>(env)->self; 4 Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current(); 5 6 // Atomically start the birth of the thread ensuring the runtime isn't shutting down. 7 bool thread_start_during_shutdown = false;//这段代码用来检测thread是否在runtime宕机时start的 8 { 9 MutexLock mu(self, *Locks::runtime_shutdown_lock_); 10 if (runtime->IsShuttingDownLocked()) { 11 thread_start_during_shutdown = true; 12 } else { 13 runtime->StartThreadBirth(); 14 } 15 } 16 if (thread_start_during_shutdown) {//若runtime宕机了就抛出异常 17 ScopedLocalRef<jclass> error_class(env, env->FindClass("java/lang/InternalError")); 18 env->ThrowNew(error_class.get(), "Thread starting during runtime shutdown"); 19 return; 20 } 21 22 Thread* child_thread = new Thread(is_daemon);//新建子线程 23 // Use global JNI ref to hold peer live while child thread starts. 24 child_thread->tlsPtr_.jpeer = env->NewGlobalRef(java_peer);//把java层的run方法实体传递给子线程 25 stack_size = FixStackSize(stack_size); 26 27 // Thread.start is synchronized, so we know that nativePeer is 0, and know that we're not racing to 28 // assign it. 29 env->SetLongField(java_peer, WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_nativePeer, 30 reinterpret_cast<jlong>(child_thread)); 31 32 pthread_t new_pthread; 33 pthread_attr_t attr; 34 CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_init, (&attr), "new thread"); 35 CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_setdetachstate, (&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED), "PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED"); 36 CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_setstacksize, (&attr, stack_size), stack_size); 37 //创建新线程的方法，返回一个标志 38 int pthread_create_result = pthread_create(&new_pthread, &attr, Thread::CreateCallback, child_thread); 39 CHECK_PTHREAD_CALL(pthread_attr_destroy, (&attr), "new thread"); 40 41 //线程创建如果失败则清除子线程信息，释放空间 42 if (pthread_create_result != 0) { 43 // pthread_create(3) failed, so clean up. 44 { 45 MutexLock mu(self, *Locks::runtime_shutdown_lock_); 46 runtime->EndThreadBirth(); 47 } 48 // Manually delete the global reference since Thread::Init will not have been run. 49 env->DeleteGlobalRef(child_thread->tlsPtr_.jpeer); 50 child_thread->tlsPtr_.jpeer = nullptr; 51 delete child_thread; 52 child_thread = nullptr; 53 // TODO: remove from thread group? 54 env->SetLongField(java_peer, WellKnownClasses::java_lang_Thread_nativePeer, 0); 55 { 56 std::string msg(StringPrintf("pthread_create (%s stack) failed: %s", 57 PrettySize(stack_size).c_str(), strerror(pthread_create_result))); 58 ScopedObjectAccess soa(env); 59 soa.Self()->ThrowOutOfMemoryError(msg.c_str()); 60 } 61 } 62 }
创建新线程在pthread_create(&new_pthread, &attr, Thread::CreateCallback, child_thread)方法里由java Runtime实现，由于那里过于深入，我们就不往下挖了（往下我已经看不懂了）。但是我们有个一个创新线程过程的概念，进一步的了解了thread的id号，父线程等概念。也知道了只有通过thread.start()方法才会创建一个新的线程。
说清了Thread和Runnable的关系，我们再来说说Handler，Handler是啥呢？当我们需要进行线程间通信的时候，我们就需要用到Handler，我们把Handler认为是一个维护消息循环队列的东西，书上都这么说，那么Handler是如何维护消息队列呢？要弄清楚这个还是得看源码。
Google给出的关于Handler简介，大家感受下：
1 /** 2 * A Handler allows you to send and process {@link Message} and Runnable 3 * objects associated with a thread's {@link MessageQueue}. Each Handler 4 * instance is associated with a single thread and that thread's message 5 * queue. When you create a new Handler, it is bound to the thread / 6 * message queue of the thread that is creating it -- from that point on, 7 * it will deliver messages and runnables to that message queue and execute 8 * them as they come out of the message queue. 9 * 10 **/
大意是三点：
1：Handler可以在线程的帮助下用来发送和处理Message和Runnable实例；
2：每个Handler实例都是和单个线程和此线程的消息队列绑定的；
3：Handler负责的工作是传送message到消息队列中且在它们从队列中出来的时候对它们进行处理。
那么Handler是怎么维护消息队列呢？在处理消息过程中，我们常用到的几个方法：sendMessage、sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue、sendMessageAtTime、sendMessageDelayed 以及 handleMessage 。我们来看看这几个方法的源码：
1 public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
2 { 3 return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0); 4 } 5 public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis) 6 { 7 if (delayMillis < 0) { 8 delayMillis = 0; 9 } 10 return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis); 11 } 12 public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { 13 MessageQueue queue = mQueue; 14 if (queue == null) { 15 RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( 16 this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue"); 17 Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e); 18 return false; 19 } 20 return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); 21 } 22 public final boolean sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(Message msg) { 23 MessageQueue queue = mQueue; 24 if (queue == null) { 25 RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( 26 this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue"); 27 Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e); 28 return false; 29 } 30 return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, 0); 31 }
我们可以看到除了设置的不同，发送message的每个方法都实现了enqueueMessage()方法，我们看看enqueueMessage()的源码：
1 private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { 2 msg.target = this; 3 if (mAsynchronous) { 4 msg.setAsynchronous(true); 5 } 6 return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis); 7 }
追到MessageQueue里面，我们可以看到一个经典的队列add的操作：
1 boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) { 2 if (msg.target == null) { 3 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target."); 4 } 5 if (msg.isInUse()) { 6 throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use."); 7 } 8 9 synchronized (this) { 10 if (mQuitting) { 11 IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException( 12 msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread"); 13 Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e); 14 msg.recycle(); 15 return false; 16 } 17 18 msg.markInUse(); 19 msg.when = when; 20 Message p = mMessages; 21 boolean needWake; 22 if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) { 23 // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked. 24 msg.next = p; 25 mMessages = msg; 26 needWake = mBlocked; 27 } else { 28 // Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake 29 // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue 30 // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue. 31 needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous(); 32 Message prev; 33 //经典的队列add操作 34 for (;;) { 35 prev = p; 36 p = p.next; 37 if (p == null || when < p.when) { 38 break; 39 } 40 if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) { 41 needWake = false; 42 } 43 } 44 msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next 45 prev.next = msg; 46 } 47 48 // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false. 49 if (needWake) { 50 nativeWake(mPtr); 51 } 52 } 53 return true; 54 }
可以看到Handler每次sendmessage时其实都是一个把message实例加到MessageQueue中的过程，无论延时还是不延时。
发送message到消息队列的过程我们清楚了，那么Handler是怎么从消息队列中往外拿message的呢？这时候就是Looper出场的时候了，Looper 也是一个对应着一个线程，当程序运行时，系统会给主线程创建一个Looper，Looper也维护着一个MessageQueue，没错，这个messagequeue就是Handler发送的那个，Looper的责任就是一方面接收消息，另一方面不停地检查messagequeue里有没有message，如果有就调用Handler中的dispatchMessage方法进行处理，我们来看看源码是怎么写的。
1 /** 2 * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call 3 * {@link #quit()} to end the loop. 4 */ 5 public static void loop() { 6 final Looper me = myLooper(); 7 if (me == null) { 8 throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread."); 9 } 10 final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue; 11 12 // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process, 13 // and keep track of what that identity token actually is. 14 Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); 15 final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); 16 17 for (;;) { 18 Message msg = queue.next(); // might block 19 if (msg == null) { 20 // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting. 21 return; 22 } 23 24 // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger 25 Printer logging = me.mLogging; 26 if (logging != null) { 27 logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + 28 msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); 29 } 30 31 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); 32 33 if (logging != null) { 34 logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); 35 } 36 37 // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the 38 // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted. 39 final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); 40 if (ident != newIdent) { 41 Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x" 42 + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x" 43 + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to " 44 + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " " 45 + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what); 46 } 47 48 msg.recycleUnchecked(); 49 } 50 }
我们能看到有一句处理消息的代码： msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
再看看enqueueMessage方法里：msg.target = this;
对的，message的target就是handler：
1 /** 2 * Handle system messages here. 3 */ 4 public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) { 5 if (msg.callback != null) { 6 handleCallback(msg); 7 } else { 8 if (mCallback != null) { 9 if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { 10 return; 11 } 12 } 13 handleMessage(msg); 14 } 15 }
一切的一切都回到了handleMessage()方法中，我们最熟悉的方法。
我们用一张流程图来总结一下Handler、Looper和Message三者的关系。
说了足够多的基础知识了，那么线程间如何进行通信的呢？其实我们只要稍微想想就知道了，根据上面的流程图，只要我们的Looper里面的MessageQueue是一致的，那么就能够通过message进行线程通信了。
上面我们已经说过了Looper也是和线程对应的，当程序运行时，主线程会自动创建一个Looper对象，这时我们通过Looper.getMainLooper()或者Looper.myLooper()会得到属于主线程的Looper对象。但如果我们开启一个新线程，在新线程里面用Looper.myLooper()去获取属于当前线程的Looper对象，但是返回结果为null。起初很不理解，Looper对象里有个静态变量ThreadLocal,大家都知道静态变量存放于常量池里面，只有一份，按道理应该是能获取的到。
1 // sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare(). 2 static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
后来查了一下这个TheadLocal对象，当开启多个线程去访问数据库时，这时候共享数据库链接是不安全的，ThreadLocal保证了每个线程都有自己的session(数据库链接)，首次访问为null，会创建自己的链接。Looper对象也一样，ThreadLocal保证了每个线程都有自己的Looper对象。在android中主线程启动会创建属于自己的looper对象，这时候如果我们在去调用prepare就会抛Only one Looper may be created per thread。
1 private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) { 2 if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { 3 throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); 4 } 5 sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); 6 }
但是子线程并不会自己创建looper对象，需要我们手动调用prepare创建属于该线程的looper对象。当然如果只是线程间通信我们完全可以在拿到主线程的Looper基础上直接通过message传递消息，下面是一个简单实例：
1 public class Activity extends Activity implements OnClickListener{ 2 Button button = null ; 3 TextView text = null ; 4 MyHandler mHandler = null ; 5 Thread thread ; 6 @Override 7 protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { 8 super .onCreate(savedInstanceState); 9 setContentView(R.layout. activity); 10 button = (Button)findViewById(R.id. btn ); 11 button .setOnClickListener( this ); 12 text = (TextView)findViewById(R.id. content ); 13 } 14 public void onClick(View v) { 15 switch (v.getId()) { 16 case R.id. btn : 17 thread = new MyThread(); 18 thread .start(); 19 break ; 20 } 21 } 22 private class MyHandler extends Handler{ 23 public MyHandler(Looper looper){ 24 super (looper); 25 } 26 @Override 27 public void handleMessage(Message msg) { // 处理消息 28 text .setText(msg. obj .toString()); 29 } 30 } 31 private class MyThread extends Thread{ 32 @Override 33 public void run() { 34 //拿到主线程的Looper，构造子线程的Handler 35 Looper curLooper = Looper.myLooper (); 36 Looper mainLooper = Looper.getMainLooper (); 37 String msg ; 38 if (curLooper== null ){ 39 mHandler = new MyHandler(mainLooper); 40 msg = "curLooper is null" ; 41 } else { 42 mHandler = new MyHandler(curLooper); 43 msg = "This is curLooper" ; 44 } 45 mHandler .removeMessages(0); 46 //通过message进行线程间通信 47 Message m = mHandler .obtainMessage(1, 1, 1, msg); 48 mHandler .sendMessage(m); 49 } 50 } 51 }
我们来看看另外一种情况：通过子线程在UI线程中更新UI。利用上面这种方法当然是可以的，我们还可以通过往MessageQueue中post Runnable对象来做，要讲清楚这个，我们得先了解一个概念：有消息循环的线程。在 Android，线程分为有消息循环的线程和没有消息循环的线程，有消息循环的线程一般都会有一个Looper，通过Looper我们来定义线程中需要完成的任务。我们的主线程（UI线程）就是一个消息循环的线程。Looper所维护的消息队列里面不仅仅包括逻辑处理，同时也包含了UI任务更新。线程的运行是这样的，按照Looper维护的消息队列，从前往后遍历消息和任务，一一完成，我们之所以不能直接在子线程中更新UI，是因为我们无法知道主线程Looper中消息队列中的完成度，如果消息不为空，这时子线程更新UI，就会发生阻塞，所以我们要把需要更新的任务放到Looper中，让子线程的请求也加入到主线程的任务队列里面，一一完成。
前面我们说了，Handler不仅可以发送message，也何以发送Runnable对象，我们也可以不同message的传递方式，直接把任务（run方法）post到Looper中，如下示例：
1 1.在onCreate中创建Handler 2 public class HandlerTestApp extends Activity { 3 Handler mHandler; 4 TextView mText; 5 /** Called when the activity is first created. */ 6 @Override 7 public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { 8 super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); 9 setContentView(R.layout.main); 10 mHandler = new Handler();//创建Handler 11 mText = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.text0);//一个TextView 12 } 13 /** 构建Runnable对象，在runnable中更新界面，此处，我们修改了TextView的文字.此处需要说明的是，Runnable对象可以再主线程中创建，也可以再子线程中创建。我们此处是在子线程中创建的。 14 **/ 15 Runnable mRunnable0 = new Runnable() 16 { 17 @Override 18 public void run() { 19 mText.setText("This is Update from ohter thread, Mouse DOWN"); 20 } 21 }; 22 2.创建子线程，在线程的run函数中，我们向主线程的消息队列发送了一个runnable来更新界面。 23 24 private void updateUIByRunnable(){ 25 new Thread() 26 { 27 //Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(); 28 public void run() 29 { 30 31 //mText.setText("This is Update from ohter thread, Mouse DOWN");//这句将抛出异常 32 mHandler.post(mRunnable0); 33 } 34 }.start(); 35 36 }
理解了有消息循环线程就很容易理解这个，把Runnable看做是Message也行。
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