PCB差分走线的阻抗控制技术(一)

随着高速串行总线在计算机和通信行业的应用,差分走线的阻抗控制变得至关重要。本文深入探讨IPC-TM-650手册中的真差分TDR测试原理,阐述了TDR设备如何通过阶跃信号检测传输线的阻抗变化,并分析了设备上升时间与测试分辨率的关系。此外,还强调了最新版手册中只保留真差分TDR测试方法。
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一、引言

为了提高传输速率和传输距离,计算机行业和通信行业越来越多的采用高速串行总线。在芯片之间、板卡之间、背板和业务板之间实现高速互联。这些高速串行总线的速率从以往USB2.0、LVDS以及FireWire1394的几百Mbps到今天的PCI-Express G1/G2、SATA G1/G2 、XAUI/2XAUI、XFI的几个Gbps乃至10Gbps。计算机以及通信行业的PCB客户对差分走线的阻抗控制要求越来越高。这使PCB生产商以及高速PCB设计人员所面临的前所未有的挑战。本文结合PCB行业公认的测试标准IPCTM-650手册,重点讨论真差分TDR测试方法的原理以及特点。

二、IPC-TM-650手册以及PCB特征阻抗测试背景

IPC-TM-650测试手册是一套非常全面的PCB行业测试规范,从PCB的机械特性、化学特性、物理特性、电气特性、环境特性等各方面给出了非常详尽的测试方法以及测试要求。其中PCB板电气特性要求在第2.5节中描述,而其中的2.5.5.7a,则全面的介绍了PCB特征阻抗测试方法和对相应的测试仪器要求,重点包括单端走线和差分走线的阻抗测试。

三、TDR的基本原理及IPC-TM-650对TDR设备的基本要求

3.1 TDR的基本原理
图1是一个阶跃信号在传输线(如PCB的走线)上传输时的示意图。而传输线是通过电介质与GND分隔的,就像无数个微小的电容的并联。电信号到达某个位置时,就会令该位置上的电压产生变化,就像是给电容充电。因此,传输线在此位置上是有对地的电流回路的,因此就有阻抗的存在。但是该阻抗只有阶跃信号自身才能“感觉到”,这就是我们所说的特征阻抗。

当传输线上出现阻抗不连续的现象时,在阻抗变化的地方阶跃信号就会产生反射的现象,如果将

Just when you thought you had mastered Zo, the characteristic impedance of a PCB trace, along comes a data sheet that tells you to design for a specific differential impedance. And to make things tougher, it says things like: “… since the coupling of two traces can lower the effective impedance, use 50 Ohm design rules to achieve a differential impedance of approximately 80 Ohms!” Is that confusing or what!! This article shows you what differential impedance is. But more than that, it discusses why it is, and shows you how to make the correct calculations. Single Trace: Figure 1(a) illustrates a typical, individual trace. It has a characteristic impedance, Zo, and carries a current, i. The voltage along it, at any point, is (from Ohm’s law) V = Zo*i. General case, trace pair: Figure 1(b) illustrates a pair of traces. Trace 1 has a characteristic impedance Z11, which corresponds to Zo, above, and current i1. Trace 2 is similarly defined. As we bring Trace 2 closer to Trace 1, current from Trace 2 begins to couple into Trace 1 with a proportionality constant, k. Similarly, Trace 1’s current, i1, begins to couple into Trace 2 with the same proportionality constant. The voltage on each trace, at any point, again from Ohm’s law, is: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z11 * k * i2 Eqs. 1 V2 = Z22 * i2 + Z22 * k * i1 Now let’s define Z12 = k*Z11 and Z21 = k*Z22. Then, Eqs. 1 can be written as: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z12 * i2 Eqs. 2 V2 = Z21 * i1 + Z22 * i2 This is the familiar pair of simultaneous equations we often see in texts. The equations can be generalized into an arbitrary number of traces, and they can be expressed in a matrix form that is familiar to many of you. Special case, differential pair: Figure 1(c) illustrates a differential pair of traces. Repeating Equations 1: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z11 * k * i2 Eqs. 1 V2 = Z22 * i2 + Z22 * k * i1 Now, note that in a carefully designed and balanced situation, Z11 = Z22 = Zo, and i2 = -i1 This leads (with a little manipulation) to: V1 = Zo * i1 * (1-k)
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