爬虫之BeautifulSoup库

文档:https://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/

一、开始

解析库

# 安装解析库
pip3 install lxml
pip3 install html5lib

基本使用

html = """
<html>
  <head>
  <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.prettify())    # 格式化代码,自动补全,容错处理
print(soup.title.string)  # The Dormouse's story
"""
<html>
  <head>
  <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
   </body>
</html>
"""
View Code

二、标签选择器

选择元素

html = """
<html>
  <head>
  <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
    <p class="story">
      beautifulsoup4
      <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>
      <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
      <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
    </p>
    <p class="story">...</p>
   </body>
</html>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.title)       # <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
print(type(soup.title)) # <class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
print(soup.head)
"""
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
"""
print(soup.p)  # <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
View Code  

获取名称

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = "<html><title>The Dormouse's story</title></html>"
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.title.name)  # title

获取属性值

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<p class="title" name="pd"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.p.attrs["name"])  # pd
print(soup.p["name"])        # pd

获取内容

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<p class="title" name="pd"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.p.string)  # The Dormouse's story

嵌套选择

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.head.title.string)  # The Dormouse's story

子节点和子孙节点

tag的 .contents 属性可以将tag的子节点以列表的方式输出:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<p class="story">
beautifulsoup4
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
</p>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.p.contents)
# ['\nbeautifulsoup4\n', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>, '\n', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, '\n', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>, '\n']
View Code

通过tag的 .children 生成器,可以对tag的子节点进行循环:

html = """
<html>
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.p.children)  # <list_iterator object at 0x00000000031F6C88>
for i, child in enumerate(soup.p.children):
    print(i, child)     # 0 <b>The Dormouse's story</b>
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.contents 和 .children 属性仅包含tag的直接子节点。例如,<head>标签只有一个直接子节点<title>;

但是<title>标签也包含一个子节点:字符串 "The Dormouse’s story",这种情况下字符串 "The Dormouse’s story" 也属于<head>标签的子孙节点,.descendants 属性可以对所有tag的子孙节点进行递归循环:

html = """
<html>
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.p.descendants)  # <generator object descendants at 0x0000000000727200>
for i, child in enumerate(soup.p.descendants):
    print(i, child)
"""
0 <b>The Dormouse's story</b>
1 The Dormouse's story
"""
View Code

上面的例子中,,<head>标签只有一个子节点,但是有2个子孙节点。

父节点和祖先节点

通过 .parent 属性来获取某个元素的父节点:

html = """
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.b.parent)  # <p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>

通过元素的 .parents 属性可以递归得到元素的所有父辈节点:

html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head></html>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.title.parents)  # <generator object parents at 0x0000000000AA7200>
for i, parent in enumerate(soup.title.parents):
    print(i, parent)
"""
0 <head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
1 <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head></html>
2 <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head></html>
"""
View Code

兄弟节点

html = """
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were three little sisters
<a id="link1">Elsie</a>
<a id="link2">Lacie</a>
<a id="link3">Tillie</a>
they lived at the bottom of a well
</p>

"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(list(soup.a.next_siblings))
print(list(soup.a.previous_siblings))
"""
['\n', <a id="link2">Lacie</a>, '\n', <a id="link3">Tillie</a>, '\nthey lived at the bottom of a well\n']
['\nOnce upon a time there were three little sisters\n']
"""
View Code

三、标准选择器

find_all(name , attrs , recursive , text , **kwargs)

name参数

html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.find_all("ul"))
"""
[<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>, <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>]
"""
for ul in soup.find_all("ul"):
    print(ul.find_all("li"))
"""
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
"""
print(type(soup.find_all("ul")[0]))  # <class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
View Code

attrs参数

html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.find_all(attrs={"id": "list-1"}))
"""
[<ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>]
"""
View Code

或者不使用attrs

html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.find_all(id="list-1"))
"""
[<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>]
"""
print(soup.find_all(class_="element"))
# [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>]
View Code

text参数:不是返回标签,而是返回内容

html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.find_all(text="Foo"))  # ['Foo', 'Foo']
View Code

find( name , attrs , recursive , text , **kwargs )

find返回单个元素,find_all返回所有元素。

html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.find("ul"))
"""
<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
"""
print(soup.find("page"))  # None
View Code

find_parents() 和 find_parent()

find_parents()返回所有祖先节点,find_parent()返回直接父节点。

find_next_siblings() 和 find_next_sibling()

find_next_siblings()返回后面所有兄弟节点,find_next_sibling()返回后面第一个兄弟节点。

find_previous_siblings() 和 find_previous_sibling()

find_previous_siblings()返回前面所有兄弟节点,find_previous_sibling()返回前面第一个兄弟节点。

find_all_next() 和 find_next()

find_all_next()返回节点后所有符合条件的节点,find_next()返回第一个符合条件的节点。

find_all_previous() 和 find_previous()

find_all_previous()返回节点后所有符合条件的节点,find_previous()返回第一个符合条件的节点。

四、CSS选择器

通过select()直接传入CSS选择器即可完成选择。

html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.select(".panel .panel-heading"))
"""
[<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>]
"""
print(soup.select("ul li"))
# [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>, <li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
print(soup.select("#list-2 .element"))
# [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
print(soup.select("ul")[1])
"""
<ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>
"""
View Code
html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
for ul in soup.select("ul"):
    print(ul.select("li"))
"""
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
"""
View Code

获取属性:

html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
for ul in soup.select("ul"):
    print(ul["id"])
    print(ul.attrs["id"])
"""
list-1
list-1
list-2
list-2
"""
View Code

获取内容:

html = """
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
for li in soup.select("li"):
    print(li.get_text())
"""
Foo
Bar
Jay
Foo
Bar
"""
View Code

五、总结

  • 推荐使用lxml解析库,必要时使用html.parser
  • 标签选择筛选功能弱但是速度快
  • 建议使用find()、find_all() 查询匹配单个结果或者多个结果
  • 如果对CSS选择器熟悉建议使用select()
  • 记住常用的获取属性和文本值的方法

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/believepd/p/10657866.html

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