Python 的virtualenv环境与使用

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安装virtualenv 参考

在安装virtualenv之前，我们需要安装至少有一个版本的Python；因为virtualenv是python的一个第三方模块，必须基于python环境才能安装。

pip安装

» pip install virtualenv
Collecting virtualenv
  Downloading virtualenv-15.0.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (3.5MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 3.5MB 163kB/s 
Installing collected packages: virtualenv
Successfully installed virtualenv-15.0.3

或者

pip3 install virtualenv

源码安装

下载源码

$ curl -O https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/v/virtualenv/virtualenv-X.X.tar.gz
$ tar xvfz virtualenv-X.X.tar.gz
$ cd virtualenv-X.X
$ [sudo] python setup.py install

virtualenv帮助

sudo find / -name virtualenv
// ...
ln -s /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/bin/virtualenv /usr/local/bin/virtualenv

» virtualenv -h
Usage: virtualenv [OPTIONS] DEST_DIR

Options:
  --version             show program's version number and exit
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -v, --verbose         Increase verbosity.
  -q, --quiet           Decrease verbosity.
  -p PYTHON_EXE, --python=PYTHON_EXE
                        The Python interpreter to use, e.g.,
                        --python=python2.5 will use the python2.5 interpreter
                        to create the new environment.  The default is the
                        interpreter that virtualenv was installed with
                        (/usr/local/opt/python/bin/python2.7)
  --clear               Clear out the non-root install and start from scratch.
  --no-site-packages    DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility.
                        Not having access to global site-packages is now the
                        default behavior.
  --system-site-packages
                        Give the virtual environment access to the global
                        site-packages.
  --always-copy         Always copy files rather than symlinking.
  --unzip-setuptools    Unzip Setuptools when installing it.
  --relocatable         Make an EXISTING virtualenv environment relocatable.
                        This fixes up scripts and makes all .pth files
                        relative.
  --no-setuptools       Do not install setuptools in the new virtualenv.
  --no-pip              Do not install pip in the new virtualenv.
  --no-wheel            Do not install wheel in the new virtualenv.
  --extra-search-dir=DIR
                        Directory to look for setuptools/pip distributions in.
                        This option can be used multiple times.
  --download            Download preinstalled packages from PyPI.
  --no-download, --never-download
                        Do not download preinstalled packages from PyPI.
  --prompt=PROMPT       Provides an alternative prompt prefix for this
                        environment.
  --setuptools          DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility.
                        This option has no effect.
  --distribute          DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility.
                        This option has no effect.

使用virtualenv

创建独立运行环境

创建一个独立的Python运行环境，命名为 py2

» virtualenv --no-site-packages --python=python2.7 py2
Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/local/bin/python2.7
New python executable in /Users/leeyi/workspace/py/py2/bin/python2.7
Also creating executable in /Users/leeyi/workspace/py/py2/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.

• 参数--no-site-packages，使得已经安装到系统Python环境中的所有第三方包都不会复制过来；当前版本这个选项是默认的；我们就得到了一个不带任何第三方包的“干净”的Python运行环境；
• --python=python2.7 指定python2.7环境；系统中安装了多个python版本时非常有用；默认情况下virtualenv会选取它的宿主python环境；

激活环境

workspace/py » source py2/bin/activate
(py2) workspace/py »

• 注意到命令提示符变了，有个(py2)前缀，表示当前环境是一个名为py2的Python环境。

安装第三方包

在py2环境下，用pip安装的包都被安装到py2这个环境下，系统Python环境不受任何影响。

pip install [package name]

退出环境

(py2) workspace/py » deactivate
workspace/py » 

现在，回到了正常的环境，pip或python都是在系统Python环境下的命令。

virtualenv原理

• virtualenv是如何创建“独立”的Python运行环境的呢？
• 原理很简单，就是把系统Python复制一份到virtualenv的环境，用命令source venv/bin/activate进入一个virtualenv环境时，virtualenv会修改相关环境变量，让命令python和pip均指向当前的virtualenv环境。

转载于:https://my.oschina.net/leeyisoft/blog/737521