每周一个 Python 模块 | copy-CSDN博客

copy 模块包括两个功能，copy() 和 deepcopy()，用于复制现有对象。

浅拷贝

copy() 创建的浅表副本是一个新容器，是对原始对象内容的引用。

import copy
import functools


@functools.total_ordering
class MyClass:

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.name == other.name

    def __gt__(self, other):
        return self.name > other.name


a = MyClass('a')
my_list = [a]
dup = copy.copy(my_list)

print('             my_list:', my_list)
print('                 dup:', dup)
print('      dup is my_list:', (dup is my_list))
print('      dup == my_list:', (dup == my_list))
print('dup[0] is my_list[0]:', (dup[0] is my_list[0]))
print('dup[0] == my_list[0]:', (dup[0] == my_list[0]))

# output
#              my_list: [<__main__.MyClass object at 0x101f9c160>]
#                  dup: [<__main__.MyClass object at 0x101f9c160>]
#       dup is my_list: False
#       dup == my_list: True
# dup[0] is my_list[0]: True
# dup[0] == my_list[0]: True
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对于浅拷贝，MyClass 实例并不复制，因此dup 和 my_list 引用的是同一个对象。

深拷贝

将调用替换为 deepcopy() 会使输出明显不同。

import copy
import functools


@functools.total_ordering
class MyClass:

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.name == other.name

    def __gt__(self, other):
        return self.name > other.name


a = MyClass('a')
my_list = [a]
dup = copy.deepcopy(my_list)

print('             my_list:', my_list)
print('                 dup:', dup)
print('      dup is my_list:', (dup is my_list))
print('      dup == my_list:', (dup == my_list))
print('dup[0] is my_list[0]:', (dup[0] is my_list[0]))
print('dup[0] == my_list[0]:', (dup[0] == my_list[0]))

# output
#              my_list: [<__main__.MyClass object at 0x101e9c160>]
#                  dup: [<__main__.MyClass object at 0x1044e1f98>]
#       dup is my_list: False
#       dup == my_list: True
# dup[0] is my_list[0]: False
# dup[0] == my_list[0]: True
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列表的第一个元素不再是相同的对象引用，但是当比较两个对象时，它们仍然是相等的。

自定义复制行为

可以使用 __copy__()和__deepcopy__() 方法来自定义复制行为。

__copy__() 不需要参数，返回该对象的浅拷贝副本。
__deepcopy__()使用 memo 字典调用，并返回该对象的深拷贝对象。任何需要深度复制的成员属性，都应与 memo 字典一起传递给 copy.deepcopy()。

以下示例说明了如何调用方法。

import copy
import functools


@functools.total_ordering
class MyClass:

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.name == other.name

    def __gt__(self, other):
        return self.name > other.name

    def __copy__(self):
        print('__copy__()')
        return MyClass(self.name)

    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        print('__deepcopy__({})'.format(memo))
        return MyClass(copy.deepcopy(self.name, memo))


a = MyClass('a')

sc = copy.copy(a)
dc = copy.deepcopy(a)

# output
# __copy__()
# __deepcopy__({})
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memo 字典用于跟踪已经复制的值，以避免无限递归。

深度复制中的递归

为避免重复递归数据结构的问题，deepcopy() 使用字典来跟踪已复制的对象。这个字典被传递给__deepcopy__() 方法，因此可以在这里检查重复递归问题。

下一个示例显示了互连数据结构（如有向图）如何通过实现__deepcopy__()方法来防止递归。

import copy


class Graph:

    def __init__(self, name, connections):
        self.name = name
        self.connections = connections

    def add_connection(self, other):
        self.connections.append(other)

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Graph(name={}, id={})'.format(
            self.name, id(self))

    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        print('\nCalling __deepcopy__ for {!r}'.format(self))
        if self in memo:
            existing = memo.get(self)
            print('  Already copied to {!r}'.format(existing))
            return existing
        print('  Memo dictionary:')
        if memo:
            for k, v in memo.items():
                print('    {}: {}'.format(k, v))
        else:
            print('    (empty)')
        dup = Graph(copy.deepcopy(self.name, memo), [])
        print('  Copying to new object {}'.format(dup))
        memo[self] = dup
        for c in self.connections:
            dup.add_connection(copy.deepcopy(c, memo))
        return dup


root = Graph('root', [])
a = Graph('a', [root])
b = Graph('b', [a, root])
root.add_connection(a)
root.add_connection(b)

dup = copy.deepcopy(root)

# output
# Calling __deepcopy__ for Graph(name=root, id=4326183824)
#   Memo dictionary:
#     (empty)
#   Copying to new object Graph(name=root, id=4367233208)
# 
# Calling __deepcopy__ for Graph(name=a, id=4326186344)
#   Memo dictionary:
#     Graph(name=root, id=4326183824): Graph(name=root, id=4367233208)
#   Copying to new object Graph(name=a, id=4367234720)
# 
# Calling __deepcopy__ for Graph(name=root, id=4326183824)
#   Already copied to Graph(name=root, id=4367233208)
# 
# Calling __deepcopy__ for Graph(name=b, id=4326183880)
#   Memo dictionary:
#     Graph(name=root, id=4326183824): Graph(name=root, id=4367233208)
#     Graph(name=a, id=4326186344): Graph(name=a, id=4367234720)
#     4326183824: Graph(name=root, id=4367233208)
#     4367217936: [Graph(name=root, id=4326183824), Graph(name=a, id=4326186344)]
#     4326186344: Graph(name=a, id=4367234720)
#   Copying to new object Graph(name=b, id=4367235000)
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