▽算符在球坐标系_球坐标系中的角动量算符

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预备知识　角动量(量子)

本文使用原子单位制．在量子力学中，我们一般把角动量算符放在球坐标中表示．把轨道角动量算符在直角坐标系中的定义(式 2)通过链式法则用球坐标表示(留作习题)．

\begin{equation}

L_x = \mathrm{i} \left(\sin\phi \frac{\partial}{\partial{\theta}} + \cot\theta\cos\phi \frac{\partial}{\partial{\phi}} \right)

\end{equation}

\begin{equation}

L_y = \mathrm{i} \left(-\cos\phi \frac{\partial}{\partial{\theta}} + \cot\theta \sin\phi \frac{\partial}{\partial{\phi}} \right)

\end{equation}

\begin{equation}

L_z = - \mathrm{i} \frac{\partial}{\partial{\phi}}

\end{equation}

\begin{equation}

L^2 = L_x^2 + L_y^2 + L_z^2 = -\frac{1}{\sin\theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial{\theta}} \left(\sin \theta \frac{\partial u}{\partial \theta} \right) -