r语言p值%3c2e-16,Calculating p Values(R软件计算p值)

Calculating p Values

Here we look at some examples of calculating p values. The examples

are for both normal and t distributions. We assume that you

can enter

data and know the commands associated

with

We look at the steps necessary to calculate the p-value for a

particular test. In the interest of simplicity we only look at a

two sided test, and we focus on one example. Here we want to show

that the mean is not close to a fixed value, a.

H0: mux = a,

Ha: mux not = a,

The p value is

calculated for a particular sample mean. Here we assume that we

obtained a sample

mean, x and want to find

its p value. It is the

probability that we would obtain a given sample mean that is

greater than the absolute value of its Z-score or less than the

negative of the absolute value of its Z-score.

For the special case of a normal distribution we also need the

standard deviation. We will assume that we are given the standard

deviation and call it s. The calculation

for the p value can be

done in several of ways. We will look at two ways here. The first

way is to convert the sample means to their associated Z-score. The

other way is to simply specify the standard deviation and let the

computer do the conversion. At first glance it may seem like a no

brainer, and we should just use the second method. Unfortunately,

when using the t-distribution we need to

convert to the t-score, so it is a good

idea to know both ways.

We first look at how to calculate

the p-value using the Z-score. The

Z-score is found by assumi