The Catalan numbers give a direct count of the number of distinct binary trees with ( n ) nodes. The ( n )-th Catalan number, denoted as ( C_n ), is given by the formula:
C n = 1 n + 1 ( 2 n n ) = ( 2 n ) ! ( n + 1 ) ! n ! C_n = \frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n} = \frac{(2n)!}{(n+1)!n!} Cn=n+11(n2n)=(n+1)!n!(2n)!
This sequence starts with ( C 0 = 1 ) , ( C 1 = 1 ) , ( C 2 = 2 ) , ( C 3 = 5 ) ( C_0 = 1 ), ( C_1 = 1 ), ( C_2 = 2 ), ( C_3 = 5 ) (C0=1),(C1=1),(C2=2),(C3=5), and so on.
To provide a bound on the number of binary trees with ( n ) nodes using the Catalan numbers, you can use the explicit formula above. However, for large ( n ), it’s often useful to have an upper bound that is easier to calculate. One such bound is derived from the central binomial coefficient and uses the fact that ( 4^n ) is an upper bound for ( C_n ):
C n = 1 n + 1 ( 2 n n ) < 4 n n + 1 C_n = \frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n} < \frac{4^n}{n+1} Cn=n+11(n2n)<n+14n
So, for large ( n ), you can say that the number of binary trees with ( n ) nodes is less than ( 4 n n + 1 ) ( \frac{4^n}{n+1} ) (n+14n), and since ( 4 n n + 1 < 4 n ) ( \frac{4^n}{n+1} < 4^n ) (n+14n<4n) for all ( n ≥ 1 ) ( n \geq 1 ) (n≥1), it’s common to use ( 4 n ) ( 4^n ) (4n) as a simpler upper bound.
This bound is not tight, particularly for large ( n ), but it’s very useful when you need a quick estimate that is easy to compute, especially when working with inequalities and probabilistic bounds in combinatorial contexts, such as analyzing the size of structures within the ORAM framework as in your original question.
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