linux系统——IPC进程通信之信号量

一、信号量引出

当我们编写的程序使用线程的时候，总是有一部分临街代码，需要确保只有一个进程(或一个线程)可以进入这个临街代码并拥有对资源的独占式访问
——》文件锁，提供了一个原子化的文件创建方法，它允许一个进程通过一个令牌(新创建的文件)来取得成功，这个方法比较适合于处理简单的问题

二、信号量定义

三、信号量函数

1、创建一个新的信号量或取得一个已有的信号量

2、改变信号量的值

3、控制信号量

4、信号量例子
$:./sem1 & ./sem1 1
同时执行两个进程，抢占操作op_char 资源，输出的OX应是均匀的

/* After the #includes, the function prototypes and the global variable, we come to the
 main function. There the semaphore is created with a call to semget, which returns the
 semaphore ID. If the program is the first to be called (i.e. it's called with a parameter
 and argc > 1), a call is made to set_semvalue to initialize the semaphore and op_char is
 set to X. */

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>

#if defined(__GNU_LIBRARY__) && !defined(_SEM_SEMUN_UNDEFINED)
    /* union semun is defined by including <sys/sem.h> */
#else
    /* according to X/OPEN we have to define it ourselves 操作结构体*/
    union semun {
        int val;                    /* value for SETVAL */
        struct semid_ds *buf;       /* buffer for IPC_STAT, IPC_SET */
        unsigned short int *array;  /* array for GETALL, SETALL */
        struct seminfo *__buf;      /* buffer for IPC_INFO */
    };
#endif
static int set_semvalue(void);
static void del_semvalue(void);
static int semaphore_p(void);
static int semaphore_v(void);
static int sem_id;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int i;
    int pause_time;
    char op_char = 'O';

    srand((unsigned int)getpid());//根据PID生成随机数
    
    sem_id = semget((key_t)1234, 1, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);//初始化信号量，IPC_CREAT标志作用是信号量不存在的时候创建，存在的时候也不会报错

    if (argc > 1) {
        if (!set_semvalue()) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize semaphore\n");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        op_char = 'X';
        sleep(2);
    }

/* Then we have a loop which enters and leaves the critical section ten times.
 There, we first make a call to semaphore_p which sets the semaphore to wait, as
 this program is about to enter the critical section. */

    for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {        

        if (!semaphore_p()) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        printf("%c", op_char);
        fflush(stdout);//清空标准输出的缓存
        pause_time = rand() % 3;
        sleep(pause_time);//等待随机时间
        printf("%c", op_char);
        fflush(stdout);

/* After the critical section, we call semaphore_v, setting the semaphore available,
 before going through the for loop again after a random wait. After the loop, the call
 to del_semvalue is made to clean up the code. */

        if (!semaphore_v()) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        
        pause_time = rand() % 2;
        sleep(pause_time);
    }    

    printf("\n%d - finished\n", getpid());

    if (argc > 1) {    
        sleep(10);
        del_semvalue();
    }
        
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

/* The function set_semvalue initializes the semaphore using the SETVAL command in a
 semctl call. We need to do this before we can use the semaphore. */

static int set_semvalue(void)
{
    union semun sem_union;

    sem_union.val = 1;
    if (semctl(sem_id, 0, SETVAL, sem_union) == -1) return(0);//规范信号量的动作，SETVAL用来把信号量设置为一个已知的值
    return(1);
}

/* The del_semvalue function has almost the same form, except the call to semctl uses
 the command IPC_RMID to remove the semaphore's ID. */

static void del_semvalue(void)
{
    union semun sem_union;
    
    if (semctl(sem_id, 0, IPC_RMID, sem_union) == -1)
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to delete semaphore\n");
}

/* semaphore_p changes the semaphore by -1 (waiting). */

static int semaphore_p(void)
{
    struct sembuf sem_b;
    
    sem_b.sem_num = 0;
    sem_b.sem_op = -1; /* P() */
    sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;
    if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_p failed\n");
        return(0);
    }
    return(1);
}

/* semaphore_v is similar except for setting the sem_op part of the sembuf structure to 1,
 so that the semaphore becomes available. */

static int semaphore_v(void)
{
    struct sembuf sem_b;
    
    sem_b.sem_num = 0;
    sem_b.sem_op = 1; /* V() */
    sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;
    if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_v failed\n");
        return(0);
    }
    return(1);
}