macOS Majave 10.14.5下使用gcc的报错记录

macOS Majave 10.14.5下使用gcc的报错记录

2019年7月18日

正文

这两天在复习C++的知识，就想在mac上写几个简单的程序跑一跑。从来没有试过macOS上的gcc，这次正好体验一下。

程序test.cpp如下：

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Box
{
	public:
		// define the creation function
		Box(double i = 2.0, double b = 2.0, double h = 2.0)
		{
			cout << "Constructor called." << endl;
			length = i;
			breadth = b;
			height = h;
				
		}

		double Volume()
		{
			return length * breadth * height;

		}

	private:
		double length;	// Length of a box
		double breadth;	// Breadth of a box
		double height;	// Height of a box

};

int main()
{
	Box Box1(3.3, 1.2, 1.5);	// Declare box1
	Box Box2(8.5, 6.0, 2.0);	// Declare box2
	Box *ptrBox;

	// save the address of box1
	ptrBox = &Box1;

	// try to call the Volume() function of box1
	cout << "Volume of Box1: " << ptrBox->Volume() << endl;

	// save the address of box2
	ptrBox = &Box2;

	// try to call the Volume() function of box1
	cout << "Volume of Box2: " << ptrBox->Volume() << endl;

	return 0;
}

这是一个从教程上拷贝的程序，非常简单，一个Box类，用指针指向对象。

之前有在Ubuntu上用gcc编译c程序的经验，于是我打开Terminal就是一个：

gcc test.py -o test

于是出来下面这一堆玩意：

Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
  "std::__1::locale::use_facet(std::__1::locale::id&) const", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::endl<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&) in test-bef777.o
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::ios_base::getloc() const", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::endl<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&) in test-bef777.o
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >::__init(unsigned long, char)", referenced from:
      std::__1::ostreambuf_iterator<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> > std::__1::__pad_and_output<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::ostreambuf_iterator<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >, char const*, char const*, char const*, std::__1::ios_base&, char) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_string()", referenced from:
      std::__1::ostreambuf_iterator<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> > std::__1::__pad_and_output<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::ostreambuf_iterator<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >, char const*, char const*, char const*, std::__1::ios_base&, char) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >::put(char)", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::endl<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >::flush()", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::endl<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >::sentry::sentry(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&)", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >::sentry::~sentry()", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(double)", referenced from:
      _main in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::cout", referenced from:
      _main in test-bef777.o
      Box::Box(double, double, double) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::ctype<char>::id", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::endl<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&) in test-bef777.o
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::locale::~locale()", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::endl<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&) in test-bef777.o
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::ios_base::__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow()", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "std::__1::ios_base::clear(unsigned int)", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "std::terminate()", referenced from:
      ___clang_call_terminate in test-bef777.o
  "___cxa_begin_catch", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
      ___clang_call_terminate in test-bef777.o
  "___cxa_end_catch", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
  "___gxx_personality_v0", referenced from:
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::endl<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&) in test-bef777.o
      std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, unsigned long) in test-bef777.o
      std::__1::ostreambuf_iterator<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> > std::__1::__pad_and_output<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::ostreambuf_iterator<char, std::__1::char_traits<char> >, char const*, char const*, char const*, std::__1::ios_base&, char) in test-bef777.o
      Dwarf Exception Unwind Info (__eh_frame) in test-bef777.o
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

我也看不懂这错误是什么意思，一开始以为是缺少了什么文件。那么会缺少什么文件呢，可能是头文件吧，于是百度了一下解决方案，尝试了这个链接中的方法。在Terminal中输入以下，重新安装macOS SDK：

xcode-select --install

这边可以参考这个链接中的答案。

完事以后我重新运行了一遍编译命令，结果开始报相同的错误。于是我又搜索了一下，发现不是缺失头文件的问题。真正的原因是gcc在编译cpp时默认链接的是c的标准库。这个链接中的回答比较详细了：

This is the case even with the old 4.2 GCC (I experienced this when I set up my unofficial iOS toolchain). gcc assumes C by default, and invokes the linker without linking to the C++ standard library; in contrast, g++ assumes C++ and links against the C++ standard library by default.

翻译一下，大意就是，这个问题出现在旧版本的4.2的gcc中。gcc默认的语言是c，所以它在编译的时候不会链接到C++标准库。而g++则相反，它默认是c++，所以会默认链接到C++标准库。

所以在编译的时候，只需要以下命令就可以了：

gcc -lstdc++ test.cpp -o test

或者使用g++：

g++ test.cpp -o test

我按照上述方法运行了一下，得到了正确的输出：

MacBook-Pro:Desktop xxx$ gcc -lstdc++ test.cpp -o test
MacBook-Pro:Desktop xxx$ ./test
Constructor called.
Constructor called.
Volume of Box1: 5.94
Volume of Box2: 102

补充材料

gcc是啥，参考链接。
gcc和g++的区别，参考链接。