Python入门之for语句

for语句

for语句可以为一个集合（序列和其他可迭代对象）的每个元素都执行一个代码块

字符串、元组、列表、字典都属于可迭代对象

如果能用for循环，尽量不用while循环

a = "python"
for i in a:
    print(i)

p
y
t
h
o
n

a = "python"
for i in range(len(a)):
    print(a[i])

p
y
t
h
o
n

#循环列表
for i in range(10):
    print(i)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

#循环列表
names = ['newton', 'einstein', 'hertz', 'maxwell', 'bohr']
for name in names:
    print(name, end="--*--")

newton--*--einstein--*--hertz--*--maxwell--*--bohr--*--

#循环字典，得到key
d = dict([("name", "laoqi"), ("lang", "python"), ("age", 38), ("city", "soochow")])
for k in d:
    print(k)

name
lang
age
city

#循环字典，得到键-值对
for k in d:
    print(k, "-->", d[k])

name --> laoqi
lang --> python
age --> 38
city --> soochow

#利用items,字典items()方法以列表返回可遍历的(键, 值) 元组数组。
for k, v in d.items():
    print(k, "-->", v)

name --> laoqi
lang --> python
age --> 38
city --> soochow

#1234不是可迭代对象
for n in 1234:
    print(n)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-10-bee958533cac> in <module>
----> 1 for n in 1234:
      2     print(n)


TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable

#调出列表lst中含有“a”的字符串，创建新的列表new
lst = ["anwang", 'ibm', "compaq", "lenovo", "dell"]
new = []
for n in lst:
    if "a" in n:
        new.append(n)
print(new)

['anwang', 'compaq']

#循环计数字典
t = (3, 6, 1, 0, 2, 4, 9, 6, 3, 4, 9, 7, 1, 3, 5)
d = {}
for n in t:
    if n in d:
        d[n] += 1
    else:
        d[n] = 1
print(d)

{3: 3, 6: 2, 1: 2, 0: 1, 2: 1, 4: 2, 9: 2, 7: 1, 5: 1}

range函数

#获取0到100，能被3整除的数
for i in range(100):
        if i%3 == 0:
            print(i)

0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99

help(range)#创建一个数字列表

Help on class range in module builtins:

class range(object)
 |  range(stop) -> range object
 |  range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object
 |  
 |  Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)
 |  to stop (exclusive) by step.  range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1.
 |  start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted!  range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.
 |  These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
 |  When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      self != 0
 |  
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return key in self.
 |  
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |  
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |  
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |  
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |  
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |  
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |  
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      helper for pickle
 |  
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |  
 |  __reversed__(...)
 |      Return a reverse iterator.
 |  
 |  count(...)
 |      rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
 |  
 |  index(...)
 |      rangeobject.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return index of value.
 |      Raise ValueError if the value is not present.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |  
 |  start
 |  
 |  step
 |  
 |  stop

#获取0到100，能被3整除的数
list(range(0,100,3))

[0,
 3,
 6,
 9,
 12,
 15,
 18,
 21,
 24,
 27,
 30,
 33,
 36,
 39,
 42,
 45,
 48,
 51,
 54,
 57,
 60,
 63,
 66,
 69,
 72,
 75,
 78,
 81,
 84,
 87,
 90,
 93,
 96,
 99]

#対应元素相加，形成新列表
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = [9,8,7,6]
c = []
for i in range(len(a)):
    c.append(a[i]+b[i])
c

[10, 10, 10, 10]

zip函数

将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的列表。如果各个迭代器的元素个数不一致，则返回列表长度与最短的对象相同，利用 * 号操作符，可以将元组解压为列表。

m = "laoqi"
n = "python"
zip(m,n)

<zip at 0x15561a35248>

list(zip(m,n))#对应元素打包成元组

[('l', 'p'), ('a', 'y'), ('o', 't'), ('q', 'h'), ('i', 'o')]

#対应元素相加，形成新列表
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = [9,8,7,6]
d = []
for x,y in zip(a,b):
    d.append(x+y)
d

[10, 10, 10, 10]

enumerate()遍历元素

#创建有20个随机数的列表
lst = []
import random
for i in range(20):
    lst.append(random.randint(1,100))
print(lst)
#查找所有的偶数，并用“even”作为标签代替
for n in lst:
    if n % 2 == 0:
        idx = lst.index(n)
        lst[idx] = "even"
print(lst)
print("-"*75)

#利用enumerate函数
lst2 = []
for i in range(20):
    lst2.append(random.randint(1,100))
print(lst2)

for i,n in enumerate(lst2):
    if n%2 == 0:
        lst2[i] = "even"
print(lst)

[38, 72, 44, 58, 49, 3, 57, 37, 11, 38, 29, 87, 100, 82, 18, 57, 22, 49, 5, 31]
['even', 'even', 'even', 'even', 49, 3, 57, 37, 11, 'even', 29, 87, 'even', 'even', 'even', 57, 'even', 49, 5, 31]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[50, 49, 26, 25, 63, 30, 59, 78, 63, 82, 54, 98, 99, 75, 41, 39, 73, 70, 7, 99]
['even', 'even', 'even', 'even', 49, 3, 57, 37, 11, 'even', 29, 87, 'even', 'even', 'even', 57, 'even', 49, 5, 31]

s = ["a", "b", "b"]
print(list(enumerate(s)))
#将一个可遍历的数据对象(如列表、元组或字符串)组合为一个索引序列，同时列出数据和数据下标，
#一般用在 for 循环当中
print(list(enumerate(s,1)))#下标从1开始

[(0, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'b')]
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'b')]

dir(enumerate)

['__class__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__init_subclass__',
 '__iter__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__next__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__']