学习参考于这个博文。
我做一个笔记。
关于python一些常用的语法快速的预览,适合已经掌握一门编程语言的人。零基础,没有任何编程经验的不适用快速入门。
基础数据类型
和其他主流语言一样,Python为我们提供了包括integer、float、boolean、strings等在内的很多基础类型。
数值类型
x = 3
print type(x) #Prints ""
print x #Prints "3"
print x + 1 #Addition; prints "4"
print x - 1 #Subtraction; prints "2"
print x * 2 #Multiplication; prints "6"
print x ** 2 #Exponentiation; prints "9"
x += 1
print x #Prints "4"
x *= 2
print x #Prints "8"
y = 2.5
print type(y) #Prints ""
print y, y + 1, y * 2, y ** 2 #Prints "2.5 3.5 5.0 6.25"
不过需要注意的是,Python并没有x++或者x--这样的自增或者自减操作符。另外,Python内置的也提供了长整型与其他复杂数值类型的整合,可以参考这里。
布尔类型
Python提供了常见的逻辑操作符,不过需要注意的是Python中并没有使用&&、||等,而是直接使用了英文单词。
t =True
f=Falseprint type(t) #Prints ""
print t and f #Logical AND; prints "False"
print t or f #Logical OR; prints "True"
print not t #Logical NOT; prints "False"
print t != f #Logical XOR; prints "True"
字符串
Python对于字符串的支持还是很好的,不过需要注意到utf-8编码问题。
hello = 'hello' #String literals can use single quotes
world = "world" #or double quotes; it does not matter.
print hello #Prints "hello"
print len(hello) #String length; prints "5"
hw = hello + ' ' + world #String concatenation
print hw #prints "hello world"
hw12 = '%s %s %d' % (hello, world, 12) #sprintf style string formatting
print hw12 #prints "hello world 12"
Python中的字符串对象还包含了很多有用的方法,譬如:
s = "hello"
print s.capitalize() #Capitalize a string; prints "Hello"
print s.upper() #Convert a string to uppercase; prints "HELLO"
print s.rjust(7) #Right-justify a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello"
print s.center(7) #Center a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello "
print s.replace('l', '(ell)') #Replace all instances of one substring with another;
#prints "he(ell)(ell)o"
print 'world'.strip() #Strip leading and trailing whitespace; prints "world"
可以在这里中查看详细的方法列表。
复杂数据类型
列表
Python中的列表等价于数组,不过其能够动态扩展并且能够存放不同类型的数值。
xs = [3, 1, 2] #Create a list
print xs, xs[2] #Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2"
print xs[-1] #Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2"
xs[2] = 'foo' #Lists can contain elements of different types
print xs #Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"
xs.append('bar') #Add a new element to the end of the list
print xs #Prints "[3, 1, 'foo', 'bar']"
x = xs.pop() #Remove and return the last element of the list
print x, xs #Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"
同样你可以在文档中查看更多的细节。
切片
Python中对于数组的访问也相当人性化,通过简单的操作符即可以完成对于数组中子数组的截取。
nums = range(5) #range is a built-in function that creates a list of integers
print nums #Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
print nums[2:4] #Get a slice from index 2 to 4 (exclusive); prints "[2, 3]"
print nums[2:] #Get a slice from index 2 to the end; prints "[2, 3, 4]"
print nums[:2] #Get a slice from the start to index 2 (exclusive); prints "[0, 1]"
print nums[:] #Get a slice of the whole list; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
print nums[:-1] #Slice indices can be negative; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3]"
nums[2:4] = [8, 9] #Assign a new sublist to a slice
print nums #Prints "[0, 1, 8, 9, 4]"
遍历
你可以使用基本的for循环来遍历数组中的元素,就像下面介个样纸:
animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']for animal inanimals:printanimal#Prints "cat", "dog", "monkey", each on its own line.
如果你在循环的同时也希望能够获取到当前元素下标,可以使用enumerate函数:
animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']for idx, animal inenumerate(animals):print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)#Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line
变换
在编程中我们经常需要对数组进行变换,比较著名的我们可以使用map、reduce、filter这几个函数,而在Python中提供了非常方便的List Comprehension操作符。譬如我们需要对数组中元素进行依次平方操作
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
squares=[]for x innums:
squares.append(x** 2)print squares #Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
我们可以简写为如下方式:
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
squares= [x ** 2 for x innums]print squares #Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
List Comprehensions也支持进行条件选择:
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
even_squares= [x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 ==0]print even_squares #Prints "[0, 4, 16]"
字典
Python中的字典类型即类似于Java中的Map或者JavaScript中的Object,也就是所谓的键值对类型,基本的使用方式为:
d = {'cat': 'cute', 'dog': 'furry'} #Create a new dictionary with some data
print d['cat'] #Get an entry from a dictionary; prints "cute"
print 'cat' in d #Check if a dictionary has a given key; prints "True"
d['fish'] = 'wet' #Set an entry in a dictionary
print d['fish'] #Prints "wet"#print d['monkey'] # KeyError: 'monkey' not a key of d
print d.get('monkey', 'N/A') #Get an element with a default; prints "N/A"
print d.get('fish', 'N/A') #Get an element with a default; prints "wet"
del d['fish'] #Remove an element from a dictionary
print d.get('fish', 'N/A') #"fish" is no longer a key; prints "N/A"
更多的语法细节可以参考这里。
遍历
对于字典的遍历也非常简单:
d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}for animal ind:
legs=d[animal]print 'A %s has %d legs' %(animal, legs)#Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"
如果你希望同时访问键和其对应的值,可以使用iteritems方法:
d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}for animal, legs ind.iteritems():print 'A %s has %d legs' %(animal, legs)#Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"
变换
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
even_num_to_square= {x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 ==0}print even_num_to_square #Prints "{0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16}"
Set
Set是一系列无序且唯一的元素的集合:
animals = {'cat', 'dog'}print 'cat' in animals #Check if an element is in a set; prints "True"
print 'fish' in animals #prints "False"
animals.add('fish') #Add an element to a set
print 'fish' in animals #Prints "True"
print len(animals) #Number of elements in a set; prints "3"
animals.add('cat') #Adding an element that is already in the set does nothing
print len(animals) #Prints "3"
animals.remove('cat') #Remove an element from a set
print len(animals) #Prints "2"
更多语法细节可以参考这里。
遍历
集合遍历的语法和数组遍历很类似,不过因为集合本身是无序的,因此你不能够依赖于遍历的顺序来预测集合中元素的顺序:
animals = {'cat', 'dog', 'fish'}for idx, animal inenumerate(animals):print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)#Prints "#1: fish", "#2: dog", "#3: cat"
变换
from math importsqrt
nums= {int(sqrt(x)) for x in range(30)}print nums #Prints "set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"
Tuples
Python中的Tuple指不可变的有序元素集合,Tuple很类似于列表,不过区别在于Tuple可以做字典中的键类型,而列表则不可以。
d = {(x, x + 1): x for x in range(10)} #Create a dictionary with tuple keys
t = (5, 6) #Create a tuple
print type(t) #Prints ""
print d[t] #Prints "5"
print d[(1, 2)] #Prints "1"
Function:函数
Python中的函数使用def关键字进行定义,譬如:
defsign(x):if x >0:return 'positive'
elif x <0:return 'negative'
else:return 'zero'
for x in [-1, 0, 1]:printsign(x)#Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"
同时,Python中的函数还支持可选参数:
def hello(name, loud=False):ifloud:print 'HELLO, %s!' %name.upper()else:print 'Hello, %s' %name
hello('Bob') #Prints "Hello, Bob"
hello('Fred', loud=True) #Prints "HELLO, FRED!"
更多的语法细节可以参考这里。
Classes:类
Python中对于类的定义也很直接:
classGreeter(object):#Constructor
def __init__(self, name):
self.name= name #Create an instance variable
#Instance method
def greet(self, loud=False):ifloud:print 'HELLO, %s!' %self.name.upper()else:print 'Hello, %s' %self.name
g= Greeter('Fred') #Construct an instance of the Greeter class
g.greet() #Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred"
g.greet(loud=True) #Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!"
可以参考这里获取更多信息。