python语法基础入门教程_python 基本语法速览，快速入门

学习参考于这个博文。

我做一个笔记。

关于python一些常用的语法快速的预览，适合已经掌握一门编程语言的人。零基础，没有任何编程经验的不适用快速入门。

基础数据类型

和其他主流语言一样，Python为我们提供了包括integer、float、boolean、strings等在内的很多基础类型。

数值类型

x = 3

print type(x) #Prints ""

print x #Prints "3"

print x + 1 #Addition; prints "4"

print x - 1 #Subtraction; prints "2"

print x * 2 #Multiplication; prints "6"

print x ** 2 #Exponentiation; prints "9"

x += 1

print x #Prints "4"

x *= 2

print x #Prints "8"

y = 2.5

print type(y) #Prints ""

print y, y + 1, y * 2, y ** 2 #Prints "2.5 3.5 5.0 6.25"

不过需要注意的是，Python并没有x++或者x--这样的自增或者自减操作符。另外，Python内置的也提供了长整型与其他复杂数值类型的整合，可以参考这里。

布尔类型

Python提供了常见的逻辑操作符，不过需要注意的是Python中并没有使用&&、||等，而是直接使用了英文单词。

t =True

f=Falseprint type(t) #Prints ""

print t and f #Logical AND; prints "False"

print t or f #Logical OR; prints "True"

print not t #Logical NOT; prints "False"

print t != f #Logical XOR; prints "True"

字符串

Python对于字符串的支持还是很好的，不过需要注意到utf-8编码问题。

hello = 'hello' #String literals can use single quotes

world = "world" #or double quotes; it does not matter.

print hello #Prints "hello"

print len(hello) #String length; prints "5"

hw = hello + ' ' + world #String concatenation

print hw #prints "hello world"

hw12 = '%s %s %d' % (hello, world, 12) #sprintf style string formatting

print hw12 #prints "hello world 12"

Python中的字符串对象还包含了很多有用的方法，譬如:

s = "hello"

print s.capitalize() #Capitalize a string; prints "Hello"

print s.upper() #Convert a string to uppercase; prints "HELLO"

print s.rjust(7) #Right-justify a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello"

print s.center(7) #Center a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello "

print s.replace('l', '(ell)') #Replace all instances of one substring with another;

#prints "he(ell)(ell)o"

print 'world'.strip() #Strip leading and trailing whitespace; prints "world"

可以在这里中查看详细的方法列表。

复杂数据类型

列表

Python中的列表等价于数组，不过其能够动态扩展并且能够存放不同类型的数值。

xs = [3, 1, 2] #Create a list

print xs, xs[2] #Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2"

print xs[-1] #Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2"

xs[2] = 'foo' #Lists can contain elements of different types

print xs #Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"

xs.append('bar') #Add a new element to the end of the list

print xs #Prints "[3, 1, 'foo', 'bar']"

x = xs.pop() #Remove and return the last element of the list

print x, xs #Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"

同样你可以在文档中查看更多的细节。

切片

Python中对于数组的访问也相当人性化，通过简单的操作符即可以完成对于数组中子数组的截取。

nums = range(5) #range is a built-in function that creates a list of integers

print nums #Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"

print nums[2:4] #Get a slice from index 2 to 4 (exclusive); prints "[2, 3]"

print nums[2:] #Get a slice from index 2 to the end; prints "[2, 3, 4]"

print nums[:2] #Get a slice from the start to index 2 (exclusive); prints "[0, 1]"

print nums[:] #Get a slice of the whole list; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"

print nums[:-1] #Slice indices can be negative; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3]"

nums[2:4] = [8, 9] #Assign a new sublist to a slice

print nums #Prints "[0, 1, 8, 9, 4]"

遍历

你可以使用基本的for循环来遍历数组中的元素，就像下面介个样纸:

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']for animal inanimals:printanimal#Prints "cat", "dog", "monkey", each on its own line.

如果你在循环的同时也希望能够获取到当前元素下标，可以使用enumerate函数:

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']for idx, animal inenumerate(animals):print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)#Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line

变换

在编程中我们经常需要对数组进行变换，比较著名的我们可以使用map、reduce、filter这几个函数，而在Python中提供了非常方便的List Comprehension操作符。譬如我们需要对数组中元素进行依次平方操作

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

squares=[]for x innums:

squares.append(x** 2)print squares #Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

我们可以简写为如下方式:

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

squares= [x ** 2 for x innums]print squares #Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

List Comprehensions也支持进行条件选择:

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

even_squares= [x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 ==0]print even_squares #Prints "[0, 4, 16]"

字典

Python中的字典类型即类似于Java中的Map或者JavaScript中的Object，也就是所谓的键值对类型，基本的使用方式为:

d = {'cat': 'cute', 'dog': 'furry'} #Create a new dictionary with some data

print d['cat'] #Get an entry from a dictionary; prints "cute"

print 'cat' in d #Check if a dictionary has a given key; prints "True"

d['fish'] = 'wet' #Set an entry in a dictionary

print d['fish'] #Prints "wet"#print d['monkey'] # KeyError: 'monkey' not a key of d

print d.get('monkey', 'N/A') #Get an element with a default; prints "N/A"

print d.get('fish', 'N/A') #Get an element with a default; prints "wet"

del d['fish'] #Remove an element from a dictionary

print d.get('fish', 'N/A') #"fish" is no longer a key; prints "N/A"

更多的语法细节可以参考这里。

遍历

对于字典的遍历也非常简单:

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}for animal ind:

legs=d[animal]print 'A %s has %d legs' %(animal, legs)#Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"

如果你希望同时访问键和其对应的值，可以使用iteritems方法:

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}for animal, legs ind.iteritems():print 'A %s has %d legs' %(animal, legs)#Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"

变换

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

even_num_to_square= {x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 ==0}print even_num_to_square #Prints "{0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16}"

Set

Set是一系列无序且唯一的元素的集合：

animals = {'cat', 'dog'}print 'cat' in animals #Check if an element is in a set; prints "True"

print 'fish' in animals #prints "False"

animals.add('fish') #Add an element to a set

print 'fish' in animals #Prints "True"

print len(animals) #Number of elements in a set; prints "3"

animals.add('cat') #Adding an element that is already in the set does nothing

print len(animals) #Prints "3"

animals.remove('cat') #Remove an element from a set

print len(animals) #Prints "2"

更多语法细节可以参考这里。

遍历

集合遍历的语法和数组遍历很类似，不过因为集合本身是无序的，因此你不能够依赖于遍历的顺序来预测集合中元素的顺序:

animals = {'cat', 'dog', 'fish'}for idx, animal inenumerate(animals):print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)#Prints "#1: fish", "#2: dog", "#3: cat"

变换

from math importsqrt

nums= {int(sqrt(x)) for x in range(30)}print nums #Prints "set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"

Tuples

Python中的Tuple指不可变的有序元素集合，Tuple很类似于列表，不过区别在于Tuple可以做字典中的键类型，而列表则不可以。

d = {(x, x + 1): x for x in range(10)} #Create a dictionary with tuple keys

t = (5, 6) #Create a tuple

print type(t) #Prints ""

print d[t] #Prints "5"

print d[(1, 2)] #Prints "1"

Function:函数

Python中的函数使用def关键字进行定义，譬如:

defsign(x):if x >0:return 'positive'

elif x <0:return 'negative'

else:return 'zero'

for x in [-1, 0, 1]:printsign(x)#Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"

同时，Python中的函数还支持可选参数:

def hello(name, loud=False):ifloud:print 'HELLO, %s!' %name.upper()else:print 'Hello, %s' %name

hello('Bob') #Prints "Hello, Bob"

hello('Fred', loud=True) #Prints "HELLO, FRED!"

更多的语法细节可以参考这里。

Classes:类

Python中对于类的定义也很直接:

classGreeter(object):#Constructor

def __init__(self, name):

self.name= name #Create an instance variable

#Instance method

def greet(self, loud=False):ifloud:print 'HELLO, %s!' %self.name.upper()else:print 'Hello, %s' %self.name

g= Greeter('Fred') #Construct an instance of the Greeter class

g.greet() #Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred"

g.greet(loud=True) #Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!"

可以参考这里获取更多信息。