十分钟学会Pandas
这是关于Pandas的简短介绍主要面向新用户。你可以参考Cookbook了解更复杂的使用方法
习惯上,我们这样导入:
In [1]: importpandas as pd
In [2]: importnumpy as np
In [3]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
创建对象
通过传递一个列表的值创建一个Series,让Pandas创建一个默认的整数索引:
In [4]: s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8])
In [5]: s
Out[5]:
01.0
1 3.0
2 5.0
3NaN4 6.0
5 8.0dtype: float64
通过传递的numpy数组创建一个DataFrame,并使用DataFrame索引和标记列:
In [6]: dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
In [7]: dates
Out[7]:
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04','2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
In [8]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6,4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
In [9]: df
Out[9]:
A B C D2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988
通过传递可转换成类似序列结构的字典序列来创建DataFrame。
查看不同列的数据类型
In [12]: df2.dtypes
Out[12]:
A float64
B datetime64[ns]
C float32
D int32
E category
F object
dtype: object
如果你使用的是IPython,可以使用Tab自动补全列名称(以及公共属性)。以下是将要完成的属性的一个子集:
In [13]: df2.df2.A df2.bool
df2.abs df2.boxplot
df2.add df2.C
df2.add_prefix df2.clip
df2.add_suffix df2.clip_lower
df2.align df2.clip_upper
df2.all df2.columns
df2.any df2.combine
df2.append df2.combine_first
df2.apply df2.compound
df2.applymap df2.consolidate
df2.as_blocks df2.convert_objects
df2.asfreq df2.copy
df2.as_matrix df2.corr
df2.astype df2.corrwith
df2.at df2.count
df2.at_time df2.cov
df2.axes df2.cummax
df2.B df2.cummin
df2.between_time df2.cumprod
df2.bfill df2.cumsum
df2.blocks df2.D
像你见到的那样,A、B、C、D都是使用Tab自动补全的。E也是如此;为了简洁其它的属性被截断了。
查看数据
查看frame中头部和尾部的行
In [14]: df.head()
Out[14]:
A B C D2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401In [15]: df.tail(3)
Out[15]:
A B C D2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988
显示索引、行和底层numpy数据
In [16]: df.index
Out[16]:
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04','2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
In [17]: df.columns
Out[17]: Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')
In [18]: df.values
Out[18]:
array([[0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356],
[1.2121, -0.1732, 0.1192, -1.0442],
[-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949, 1.0718],
[0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396, 0.2719],
[-0.425 , 0.567 , 0.2762, -1.0874],
[-0.6737, 0.1136, -1.4784, 0.525 ]])
显示您的数据的快速统计摘要
In [19]: df.describe()
Out[19]:
A B C D
count6.000000 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000mean0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103std0.843157 0.922818 0.779887 0.973118min-0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25% -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50% 0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75% 0.658444 0.041933 -0.034326 0.461706
数据转置
In [20]: df.T
Out[20]:2013-01-01 2013-01-02 2013-01-03 2013-01-04 2013-01-05 2013-01-06A0.469112 1.212112 -0.861849 0.721555 -0.424972 -0.673690B-0.282863 -0.173215 -2.104569 -0.706771 0.567020 0.113648C-1.509059 0.119209 -0.494929 -1.039575 0.276232 -1.478427D-1.135632 -1.044236 1.071804 0.271860 -1.087401 0.524988
按轴排序
In [21]: df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)
Out[21]:
D C B A2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863 0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236 0.119209 -0.173215 1.212112
2013-01-03 1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04 0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771 0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401 0.276232 0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06 0.524988 -1.478427 0.113648 -0.673690
按值排序
In [22]: df.sort_values(by='B')
Out[22]:
A B C D2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401
选择
读取
选择一个单独的列,返回一个Series,等同于 df.A
In [23]: df['A']
Out[23]:2013-01-01 0.469112
2013-01-02 1.212112
2013-01-03 -0.861849
2013-01-04 0.721555
2013-01-05 -0.424972
2013-01-06 -0.673690Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64
使用[]选择,对行进行切片。
In [24]: df[0:3]
Out[24]:
A B C D2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804In [25]: df['20130102':'20130104']
Out[25]:
A B C D2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
通过标签选择
详情参阅标签选择
使用标签获取交叉区域
In [26]: df.loc[dates[0]]
Out[26]:
A0.469112B-0.282863C-1.509059D-1.135632Name:2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64
通过标签选择多轴
In [27]: df.loc[:,['A','B']]
Out[27]:
A B2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648
显示标签切片,包含端点
In [28]: df.loc['20130102':'20130104',['A','B']]
Out[28]:
A B2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771
降低返回对象维度
In [29]: df.loc['20130102',['A','B']]
Out[29]:
A1.212112B-0.173215Name:2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64
获取标量值
In [30]: df.loc[dates[0],'A']
Out[30]: 0.46911229990718628
快速访问标量(同上一方法等价)
In [31]: df.at[dates[0],'A']
Out[31]: 0.46911229990718628
按位置选择
通过传递整数选择位置
In [32]: df.iloc[3]
Out[32]:
A0.721555B-0.706771C-1.039575D0.271860Name:2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64
通过整数切片,类似于numpy/python
In [33]: df.iloc[3:5,0:2]
Out[33]:
A B2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020
通过列表指定位置,类似于numpy/python样式
In [34]: df.iloc[[1,2,4],[0,2]]
Out[34]:
A C2013-01-02 1.212112 0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.276232
对行切片
In [35]: df.iloc[1:3,:]
Out[35]:
A B C D2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
对列切片
In [36]: df.iloc[:,1:3]
Out[36]:
B C2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.509059
2013-01-02 -0.173215 0.119209
2013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.494929
2013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.039575
2013-01-05 0.567020 0.276232
2013-01-06 0.113648 -1.478427
获取指定值
In [37]: df.iloc[1,1]
Out[37]: -0.17321464905330858
快速访问标量(同上一方法等价)
In [38]: df.iat[1,1]
Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858
布尔索引
使用单列值选择数据。
In [39]: df[df.A >0]
Out[39]:
A B C D2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
从满足布尔条件的DataFrame中选择值。
In [40]: df[df >0]
Out[40]:
A B C D2013-01-01 0.469112NaN NaN NaN2013-01-02 1.212112 NaN 0.119209NaN2013-01-03 NaN NaN NaN 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 NaN NaN 0.271860
2013-01-05 NaN 0.567020 0.276232NaN2013-01-06 NaN 0.113648 NaN 0.524988
使用isin()方法进行过滤
In [41]: df2 =df.copy()
In [42]: df2['E'] = ['one', 'one','two','three','four','three']
In [43]: df2
Out[43]:
A B C D E2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632one2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236one2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804two2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860three2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401four2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988three
In [44]: df2[df2['E'].isin(['two','four'])]
Out[44]:
A B C D E2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804two2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401 four
设置
设置一个新列会自动使索引对齐数据
In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1,2,3,4,5,6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
In [46]: s1
Out[46]:2013-01-02 1
2013-01-03 2
2013-01-04 3
2013-01-05 4
2013-01-06 5
2013-01-07 6Freq: D, dtype: int64
In [47]: df['F'] = s1
按标签切片
In [48]: df.at[dates[0],'A'] = 0
按位置设置值
In [49]: df.iat[0,1] = 0
通过numpy数组设置
In [50]: df.loc[:,'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))
设置结果如下
In [51]: df
Out[51]:
A B C D F2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5NaN2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.0
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 5 4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 5 5.0
where操作赋值
In [52]: df2 =df.copy()
In [53]: df2[df2 > 0] = -df2
In [54]: df2
Out[54]:
A B C D F2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 -5NaN2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0
缺失数据
Pandas主要使用np.nan来表示缺失数据。默认情况下不包括在计算中。请参阅缺失数据部分
重建索引允许修改/添加/删除指定轴的索引,并返回数据副本。
In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])
In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1],'E'] = 1In [57]: df1
Out[57]:
A B C D F E2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 NaN 1.0
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.0NaN2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.0 NaN
删除所有缺少数据的行。
In [58]: df1.dropna(how='any')
Out[58]:
A B C D F E2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.0
填写缺失的数据行
In [59]: df1.fillna(value=5)
Out[59]:
A B C D F E2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 5.0 1.0
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.0 5.0
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.0 5.0
获取值为nan的布尔值
In [60]: pd.isnull(df1)
Out[60]:
A B C D F E2013-01-01False False False False True False2013-01-02False False False False False False2013-01-03False False False False False True2013-01-04 False False False False False True
运算
统计
运算一般排除丢失的数据。
执行描述性统计
In [61]: df.mean()
Out[61]:
A-0.004474B-0.383981C-0.687758D5.000000F3.000000dtype: float64
在其他轴上执行相同的运算
In [62]: df.mean(1)
Out[62]:2013-01-01 0.872735
2013-01-02 1.431621
2013-01-03 0.707731
2013-01-04 1.395042
2013-01-05 1.883656
2013-01-06 1.592306Freq: D, dtype: float64
运算具有不同维度和需要对齐的对象。此外,Pandas会沿着指定维度运算。
In [63]: s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8], index=dates).shift(2)
In [64]: s
Out[64]:2013-01-01NaN2013-01-02NaN2013-01-03 1.0
2013-01-04 3.0
2013-01-05 5.0
2013-01-06NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64
In [65]: df.sub(s, axis='index')
Out[65]:
A B C D F2013-01-01NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN2013-01-02NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929 4.0 1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575 2.0 0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768 0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
应用
将函数应用于数据
In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)
Out[66]:
A B C D F2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5NaN2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850 10 1.0
2013-01-03 0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779 15 3.0
2013-01-04 1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354 20 6.0
2013-01-05 0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122 25 10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549 30 15.0In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() -x.min())
Out[67]:
A2.073961B2.671590C1.785291D0.000000F4.000000dtype: float64
直方图
In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))
In [69]: s
Out[69]:
04
1 2
2 1
3 2
4 6
5 4
6 4
7 6
8 4
9 4dtype: int64
In [70]: s.value_counts()
Out[70]:4 5
6 2
2 2
1 1dtype: int64
字符串方法
Series在字符串中设置了一组字符串处理方法,可以方便地对数组中每个元素进行操作,如下面代码片段所示。请注意,字符串中的模式匹配默认使用正则表达式。(在某些情况下总是使用它们)。详情请参阅矢量字符串方法。
In [71]: s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])
In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]:
0 a1b2c3aaba4baca5NaN6caba7dog8cat
dtype: object
合并
连接
在连接/合并类型操作的情况下,Pandas提供了一些具有用于索引和关系代数的各种函数合并Series、DataFrame和Panel对象的方法
使用concat()把Pandas对象连接:
In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))
In [74]: df
Out[74]:
01 2 30-0.548702 1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1 1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952 0.991460 -0.919069 0.266046
3 -0.709661 1.669052 1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379 1.247642 -0.009920
5 0.290213 0.495767 0.362949 1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329 0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132 1.956030 0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247 0.254161 -1.143704 0.215897
9 1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495
#break it into pieces
In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]
In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
Out[76]:
01 2 30-0.548702 1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1 1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952 0.991460 -0.919069 0.266046
3 -0.709661 1.669052 1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379 1.247642 -0.009920
5 0.290213 0.495767 0.362949 1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329 0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132 1.956030 0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247 0.254161 -1.143704 0.215897
9 1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495
连接
SQL风格合并。请参阅数据库风格连接
In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})
In [79]: left
Out[79]:
key lval
0 foo1
1 foo 2In [80]: right
Out[80]:
key rval
0 foo4
1 foo 5In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[81]:
key lval rval
0 foo1 4
1 foo 1 5
2 foo 2 4
3 foo 2 5
给出另一个例子:
In [82]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
In [83]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'rval': [4, 5]})
In [84]: left
Out[84]:
key lval
0 foo1
1 bar 2In [85]: right
Out[85]:
key rval
0 foo4
1 bar 5In [86]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[86]:
key lval rval
0 foo1 4
1 bar 2 5
追加
添加行到DataFrame。请参阅追加
In [87]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A','B','C','D'])
In [88]: df
Out[88]:
A B C D
01.346061 1.511763 1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652 1.211526 0.268520 0.024580
2 -1.577585 0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346 0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355 0.593616 0.884345 1.591431
6 0.141809 0.220390 0.435589 0.192451
7 -0.096701 0.803351 1.715071 -0.708758In [89]: s = df.iloc[3]
In [90]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)
Out[90]:
A B C D
01.346061 1.511763 1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652 1.211526 0.268520 0.024580
2 -1.577585 0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346 0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355 0.593616 0.884345 1.591431
6 0.141809 0.220390 0.435589 0.192451
7 -0.096701 0.803351 1.715071 -0.708758
8 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
分组
"分组"我们指的是涉及一个或多个以下步骤的过程
Splitting:根据一些标准将数据分组
Applying:将功能独立应用于每个组
Combining:将结果合并成数据结构
In [91]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
....:'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
....:'B' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
....:'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
....:'C' : np.random.randn(8),
....:'D' : np.random.randn(8)})
....:
In [92]: df
Out[92]:
A B C D
0 foo one-1.202872 -0.055224
1 bar one -1.814470 2.395985
2 foo two 1.018601 1.552825
3 bar three -0.595447 0.166599
4 foo two 1.395433 0.047609
5 bar two -0.392670 -0.136473
6 foo one 0.007207 -0.561757
7 foo three 1.928123 -1.623033
分组,然后将sum()函数应用于生成的组。
In [93]: df.groupby('A').sum()
Out[93]:
C D
A
bar-2.802588 2.42611foo3.146492 -0.63958
按多列分组形成层次索引,然后应用该函数。
In [94]: df.groupby(['A','B']).sum()
Out[94]:
C D
A B
bar one-1.814470 2.395985three-0.595447 0.166599two-0.392670 -0.136473foo one-1.195665 -0.616981three1.928123 -1.623033two2.414034 1.600434
重塑
In [95]: tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz',
....:'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
....: ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two',
....:'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]))
....:
In [96]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])
In [97]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])
In [98]: df2 = df[:4]
In [99]: df2
Out[99]:
A B
first second
bar one0.029399 -0.542108two0.282696 -0.087302baz one-1.575170 1.771208two0.816482 1.100230
堆
stack()方法将"压缩"DataFrame列中的一个级别。
In [100]: stacked =df2.stack()
In [101]: stacked
Out[101]:
first second
bar one A0.029399B-0.542108two A0.282696B-0.087302baz one A-1.575170B1.771208two A0.816482B1.100230dtype: float64
使用"stacked"DataFrame或Series(有一个MultilIndex作为索引)stack()的反向操作是unstack(),它默认情况下解除最后一个级别。
In [102]: stacked.unstack()
Out[102]:
A B
first second
bar one0.029399 -0.542108two0.282696 -0.087302baz one-1.575170 1.771208two0.816482 1.100230In [103]: stacked.unstack(1)
Out[103]:
second one two
first
bar A0.029399 0.282696B-0.542108 -0.087302baz A-1.575170 0.816482B1.771208 1.100230In [104]: stacked.unstack(0)
Out[104]:
first bar baz
second
one A0.029399 -1.575170B-0.542108 1.771208two A0.282696 0.816482B-0.087302 1.100230
数据透视表
In [105]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 3,
.....:'B' : ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 4,
.....:'C' : ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 2,
.....:'D' : np.random.randn(12),
.....:'E' : np.random.randn(12)})
.....:
In [106]: df
Out[106]:
A B C D E
0 one A foo1.418757 -0.179666
1 one B foo -1.879024 1.291836
2 two C foo 0.536826 -0.009614
3 three A bar 1.006160 0.392149
4 one B bar -0.029716 0.264599
5 one C bar -1.146178 -0.057409
6 two A foo 0.100900 -1.425638
7 three B foo -1.035018 1.024098
8 one C foo 0.314665 -0.106062
9 one A bar -0.773723 1.824375
10 two B bar -1.170653 0.595974
11 three C bar 0.648740 1.167115
我们可以轻松地从这些数据中快速生成数据透视表:
In [107]: pd.pivot_table(df, values='D', index=['A', 'B'], columns=['C'])
Out[107]:
C bar foo
A B
one A-0.773723 1.418757B-0.029716 -1.879024C-1.146178 0.314665three A1.006160NaN
B NaN-1.035018C0.648740NaN
two A NaN0.100900B-1.170653NaN
C NaN0.536826
时间序列
Pandas具有简单、强大和高效的功能,用于在变频期间执行重采样操作。这在金融应用中非常常见,但是不限于此。请参阅时间序列部分
In [108]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=100, freq='S')
In [109]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 500, len(rng)), index=rng)
In [110]: ts.resample('5Min').sum()
Out[110]:2012-01-01 25083Freq: 5T, dtype: int64
时区表示
In [111]: rng = pd.date_range('3/6/2012 00:00', periods=5, freq='D')
In [112]: ts =pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), rng)
In [113]: ts
Out[113]:2012-03-06 0.464000
2012-03-07 0.227371
2012-03-08 -0.496922
2012-03-09 0.306389
2012-03-10 -2.290613Freq: D, dtype: float64
In [114]: ts_utc = ts.tz_localize('UTC')
In [115]: ts_utc
Out[115]:2012-03-06 00:00:00+00:00 0.464000
2012-03-07 00:00:00+00:00 0.227371
2012-03-08 00:00:00+00:00 -0.496922
2012-03-09 00:00:00+00:00 0.306389
2012-03-10 00:00:00+00:00 -2.290613Freq: D, dtype: float64
转换到另一时区
In [116]: ts_utc.tz_convert('US/Eastern')
Out[116]:2012-03-05 19:00:00-05:00 0.464000
2012-03-06 19:00:00-05:00 0.227371
2012-03-07 19:00:00-05:00 -0.496922
2012-03-08 19:00:00-05:00 0.306389
2012-03-09 19:00:00-05:00 -2.290613Freq: D, dtype: float64
在时间跨度之间转换
In [117]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=5, freq='M')
In [118]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), index=rng)
In [119]: ts
Out[119]:2012-01-31 -1.134623
2012-02-29 -1.561819
2012-03-31 -0.260838
2012-04-30 0.281957
2012-05-31 1.523962Freq: M, dtype: float64
In [120]: ps =ts.to_period()
In [121]: ps
Out[121]:2012-01 -1.134623
2012-02 -1.561819
2012-03 -0.260838
2012-04 0.281957
2012-05 1.523962Freq: M, dtype: float64
In [122]: ps.to_timestamp()
Out[122]:2012-01-01 -1.134623
2012-02-01 -1.561819
2012-03-01 -0.260838
2012-04-01 0.281957
2012-05-01 1.523962Freq: MS, dtype: float64
在时间和时间戳之间转换,可以使用一些方便的算术函数。在下面例子中:
In [123]: prng = pd.period_range('1990Q1', '2000Q4', freq='Q-NOV')
In [124]: ts =pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(prng)), prng)
In [125]: ts.index = (prng.asfreq('M', 'e') + 1).asfreq('H', 's') + 9In [126]: ts.head()
Out[126]:1990-03-01 09:00 -0.902937
1990-06-01 09:00 0.068159
1990-09-01 09:00 -0.057873
1990-12-01 09:00 -0.368204
1991-03-01 09:00 -1.144073Freq: H, dtype: float64
明确的
自0.15版本以来,Pandas可以在DataFrame中包含分类数据。有关完整文档,请参阅分类介绍和API文档。
In [127]: df = pd.DataFrame({"id":[1,2,3,4,5,6], "raw_grade":['a', 'b', 'b', 'a', 'a', 'e']})
将原始数据转换为分类数据。
In [128]: df["grade"] = df["raw_grade"].astype("category")
In [129]: df["grade"]
Out[129]:
0 a1b2b3a4a5e
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, e]
将类别重命名为更有意义的名称
In [130]: df["grade"].cat.categories = ["very good", "good", "very bad"]
重新排列类别并同时添加丢失的类别(Series.cat下的方法返回一个默认的新Series)。
In [131]: df["grade"] = df["grade"].cat.set_categories(["very bad", "bad", "medium", "good", "very good"])
In [132]: df["grade"]
Out[132]:
0 very good1good2good3very good4very good5very bad
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (5, object): [very bad, bad, medium, good, very good]
排序是按类别中的顺序排序的,而不是词法顺序。
In [133]: df.sort_values(by="grade")
Out[133]:
id raw_grade grade5 6e very bad1 2b good2 3b good
01a very good3 4a very good4 5 a very good
按分类列分组还显示空类别。
In [134]: df.groupby("grade").size()
Out[134]:
grade
very bad1bad 0
medium 0
good2very good3dtype: int64
绘图
绘图文档
In [135]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
In [136]: ts =ts.cumsum()
In [137]: ts.plot()
Out[137]:
在DataFrame中,plot()可以方便绘制带标签的所有列。
In [138]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index,
.....: columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
.....:
In [139]: df =df.cumsum()
In [140]: plt.figure(); df.plot(); plt.legend(loc='best')
Out[140]:
获取数据输入/输出
CSV
In [141]: df.to_csv('foo.csv')
In [142]: pd.read_csv('foo.csv')
Out[142]:
Unnamed: 0 A B C D
02000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.186860
1 2000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.282953
2 2000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.515536
3 2000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.156896
4 2000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.428202
5 2000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.962409
6 2000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753.. ... ... ... ... ...993 2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.313940
994 2002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.914107
995 2002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.367740
996 2002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.518439
997 2002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.105593
998 2002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.758560
999 2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368[1000 rows x 5 columns]
HDF5
写入HDF5存储
In [143]: df.to_hdf('foo.h5','df')
从HDF5存储中读取
In [144]: pd.read_hdf('foo.h5','df')
Out[144]:
A B C D2000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.186860
2000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.282953
2000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.515536
2000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.156896
2000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.428202
2000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.962409
2000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753... ... ... ... ...2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.313940
2002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.914107
2002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.367740
2002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.518439
2002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.105593
2002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.758560
2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368[1000 rows x 4 columns]
Excel
写入Excel文件
In [145]: df.to_excel('foo.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1')
从Excel文件读取
In [146]: pd.read_excel('foo.xlsx', 'Sheet1', index_col=None, na_values=['NA'])
Out[146]:
A B C D2000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.186860
2000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.282953
2000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.515536
2000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.156896
2000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.428202
2000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.962409
2000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753... ... ... ... ...2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.313940
2002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.914107
2002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.367740
2002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.518439
2002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.105593
2002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.758560
2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368[1000 rows x 4 columns]
陷阱
如果你尝试以下操作,可以看到如下异常:
>>> ifpd.Series([False, True, False]):print("I was true")
Traceback
...
ValueError: The truth value of an arrayis ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.any() or a.all().