python xpath库_Python Xpath的解析，应用

1. Xpath解析库介绍:

# Xpath解析库介绍:

数据解析的过程中使用过正则表达式, 但正则表达式想要进准匹配难度较高, 一旦正则表达式书写错误, 匹配的数据也会出错.

网页由三部分组成: HTML, Css, JavaScript, HTML页面标签存在层级关系, 即DOM树, 在获取目 标数据时可以根据网页层次关系定位标签, 再获取标签的文本或属性.

# xpath解析库解析数据原理:

1. 根据网页DOM树定位节点标签

2. 获取节点标签的正文文本或属性值

# xpath安装, 初体验 --> 使用步骤:

1.xpath安装: pip install lxml

2.requests模块爬取糗事百科热门的标题:

import requests

from lxml import etree

url = 'https://www.qiushibaike.com/'

headers = { "User-Agent":'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36' }

res = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers)

#实例化对象

tree = etree.HTML(res.text)

#解析数据

title_lst = tree.xpath('//ul/li/div/a/text()')

for item in title_lst:

print(item)

3.xpath使用步骤:

from lxml import etree

tree = etree.HTML(res.text)

tree = etree.parse(res.html, etree.HTMLParse()) # 示例如下, 了解内容 tag_or_attr = tree.xpath('xpath表达式')

2. xpath语法

# xpath语法:

1.常用规则:

1. nodename: 节点名定位

2. //: 从当前节点选取子孙节点

3. /: 从当前节点选取直接子节点

4. nodename[@attribute="..."] 根据属性定位标签 '//div[@class="ui-main"]'

5. @attributename: 获取属性

6. text(): 获取文本

2.属性匹配两种情况: 多属性匹配 & 单属性多值匹配

2.1 多属性匹配 示例: tree.xpath('//div[@class="item" and @name="test"]/text()')

2.2 单属性多值匹配 示例: tree.xpath('//div[contains(@class, "dc")]/text()')

3.按序选择:

3.1 索引定位: 从1开始(牢记， 牢记， 牢记)

3.2 last()函数

3.3 position()函数 ---代表几个以内>,< 位置

3. xpath代码演示

from lxml import etree

# 1.实例化一个etree对象

# tree = etree.HTML('文本数据') # 解析直接从网络上爬取内容

# reel = etree.parse('文本数据',etree.HTMLParser()) # 解析本地的HTML文本

reel = etree.parse('./test.html',etree.HTMLParser()) # 解析本地的HTML文本

#2.调用 xpath 表达式定位标签及获取其属性与文本

#2.1根据节点定位

title = reel.xpath('//title/text()') #xpath匹配出来是一个列表

# print(title)

# 3. 定位id为007的标签，去直接文本

div_oo7 = reel.xpath('//div[@id="007"]/text()')

# print(div_oo7)

div_008 = reel.xpath('//div[@id=007]//text()')

# print(div_008)

# 4.获取节点的属性值

a_tag = reel.xpath('//a/@href')

# print(a_tag)

# 5.多属性匹配和单属性多值匹配

# 多属性匹配

div_009 = reel.xpath('//div[@class="c1" and @name="laoda"]/text()')

# print(div_009)

# 单属性多值匹配

div_010 = reel.xpath('//div[contains(@class,"c3")]/text()')

# print(div_010)

#6、按序匹配

div_011 = reel.xpath('//div[@class="divtag"]/ul/li/text()')

# print(div_011)

div_012 = reel.xpath('//div[@class="divtag"]/ul/li[4]/text()')

# print(div_012)

# div_013 = reel.xpath('//div[@class="divtag"]/ul/li[last()-1]/text()')

# print(div_013)

div_014 = reel.xpath('//div[@class="divtag"]/ul/li[position()<4]/text()')

print(div_014)

4. 豆瓣案例

import requests

from lxml import etree

url = 'https://movie.douban.com/chart'

headers = {

'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36'

}

res = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers)

tree = etree.HTML(res.text)

ret = tree.xpath('//div[@class="pl2"]')

for i in ret:

title = i.xpath('./a//text()')

title_full = ''

for j in title:

c = j.replace('\n','').replace(' ','')

title_full += c

author = i.xpath('./p//text()')

pj = i.xpath('./div/span[2]/text()')

pf = i.xpath('./div/span[3]/text()')

print(title_full)

print(author[0])

print(pj[0])

print(pf[0])