Docment英语语法
五种基本句式
主语:我们所有造的句子都有主体
谓语:主体执行的动作
系动词:联系动作的动词,连接前边的主语和后边的表语
表语:描述主语性质、特点、位置的词
宾语:主语执行动作的对象
间宾:人叫间宾
直宾:物叫直宾
宾补:宾语不能完全说明谓语执行的对象的执行结果时需要补充说明.
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主+谓 S+V
the universe remains 宇宙长存
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主+系+表 S+V+P
the food is delicious 这食物好吃
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主+谓+宾 S+V+O
he took his bag and left 他拿着他的包离开了
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主+谓+间宾+直宾 S+V+o+O
her father bought her a dictionary 他的爸爸给他买了一本词典
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主+谓+宾+宾补 S+V+O+C
We made him our monitor 我们选他当班长
Be动词的形式
be is am are was were being been
- the man is back
- They are back
- He was back
- They were back
- They have been back
> 后面接名次、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语
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the man is a teacher
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Marry‘s new dress are colorful
[^are ]: 连接后边形容的clorful 五颜六色
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My monther was in the kitchen
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He has been a teacher for 3 years
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he was a teacher before
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They are teacher
Be动词的否定、提问、回答
am not , isn’t ,aren’t wasn‘t , weren’t
- The man isn‘t back
- I am not back
- They aren’t back
- He wasn’t back
- They weren’t back
使用be动词否定和回答
- Is he a teacher
- yes,he is/No he isn’t
- Are you a teacher
- yes, I am/No, I am not
- Were they teacher
- yes they are/No they weren’t
主格代词 I he she it you we they
- I am a teacher
- He is a teacher
- you are teachers
宾格代词 me him her it you us them
- He likes me
- We like her
- I like them
名词性 形容词性物主代词
形容词性的物主代词 谁的
- 单数形式:my your his/her/its one‘s
- 复数形式:our you their
- this is my book
- we love our motherland(主卧)
- Those are your socks(袜子)
名词性物主代词
- 单数形式: mine yours his/hers/its one’s
- 复数形式:our‘s yours their‘s
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this book is ours
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the apple is hers ‘
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our‘s book in the self
主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 i me my mine he him his his shē her her hers it it its its you you your yours we us our ours They them their theirs
反身代词(某人自己)
myself yourselves
yourself ourselves
herself themselves
himself
itself
- please help yourself to some fish (动词的后边作宾语)
- we enjoyed ourselves last night (enjoyed 动词后边宾语)
- it thing itself is not important (名词后边的同位语 解释说明前边名词成分 |名词后边主语the thing的说明 )
- take good card of yourself
- she gained control of herself
实意动词
实际意义的动词
come read go watch play fly
- he comes from shenyang come (作谓语后边跟介词短语from)
- she is reading stroy books (动词有时态上的变化)
- they went to America yesterday
- we have watched the game for three times (动词的现在完成时时态)
- my mother will fly back to china next moth
实意动词的否定 提问 回答
使用助动词进行否定
在助动词do does did 后边加not
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i don’t go to school by bus
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she doesn’t watch TV every day
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They didn’t swim last night
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He often plays golf
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Does he often play golf (使用助动词进行提问)
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Does he does /No he doesnt
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Sam had breakfast yesterday
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Did Sam have breakfast yesterday
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yes, he did/No he didn’t
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疑问代词的提问 回答
when where who what how
- he bought three books yesterday
- who bought three books yesterday(主语提问:疑问词后边的语序不变)
- what did he buy yesterday (宾语提问: 疑问词➕助动词, +后边的动词保持原词)
- when did he buy three books(宾补提问:疑问词➕助动词, +后边的动词保持原词)
how long, how far ,how often, why
- They have been in china for three days
- how long have they been in china
- It is about 4 kilometers from beijign to xian
- How far is it from beijing to xian
- They come to vist me once a week
- how often do they come to visit me
- she came late,beacause she missed the bus
- why did come me
名词
可数名词
apple, pencil student 有单复数之分
1.末尾+s
friend -> friends
2.以s z x ch sh 结尾的词,在末尾+es
boss -> bosses
3.辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y变i + es
candy ->candies
4.以o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写就加-es
tomto->tomtos hippo->hippos
不可数名词
salt ,coffee ,water, history,love 无单复数之分
代词 指示代词和不定时代词
指示代词:标识人或事物的代词用来代替已经提到过的名词
this(these ) that (those)
- this is his book
- those apples were his
不定代词:指定不确定的人或事物
one ,the other ,some,any ,something,nothing
- No one kowns where he is
- Each of the students has got a book
- Some of the boys want to go to shanghai, but the others want to go to xian
- These teachers are from china
- I town nothing about this person
- I have somethings to tell you
形容词
通常形容人或事物的状态性质大小等通用名字前,be动词后边
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形容词前边+the 表示一类人或者事物
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the old 老年人
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the yong 年轻人
eg: The old need card than the yong
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副词
修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及其他结构
He runs fast
She is very beautiful
They work very hard
副词的位置
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根据情况放在助动词之后,实意动词之前或之后
He speaks very fast
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形容词之前,其他副词之前或之后
They have already left
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多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词之后
They have already been repaired
不定量表达法
some , any, most, every, all
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some,any 都表示“一些”,some一般用于肯定句当中,any用于否定句或疑问句
I’d been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there weren’t any for me
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most 作形容词时表示大部分,后面接复数名词
Most peple here are from China
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Every表示“每一个”,”所有“,后面接单数名词
Every one likes the film
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All 表示“所有”,后面接可数名词的复数,不可数名词单数
*All the card parking in the parking lot *
All coffee is served on time
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Both表示两者都,可做形容词、代词和副词
either时两者之一
neither是两者都不
Both his eyes were serverly burned (两只眼睛都被烧伤了)
There are trees on either side of the street(这条街两边都有大树)
Neither answer is correct
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many 修饰可数,名词表示许多,much 就是不可数名词表示许多, a lot of/lots of ,plenty of 均可修饰可数和不可数名词
many books
much water
a lot of/lots of books/water
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a few 为肯定含义“几个”,few 否定含义为“没几个”,均可与可数/不可数名词连用
A few books are put into the box
Few books are put into the box
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a little 为肯定含义“一点儿”,little 为否定含义“没多点“,均可接可数/不可数名词
There is a little water in the bottle(杯子)
There is little water in the bottle
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none和no noe的意思相同,主要做代词,翻译为“一个也不,一点也不“用法少有区别
none 可接of 短语,动词可用单数,也可用复数
no one 不能接of短语,动词只能用单数
No one knows the answer (没有人知道答案)
None of us have/has arrived (我们到中没有一个人到了)
There Here Be 句型
根据上下文可翻译为“有”,“是”
be 动词根据后面的名词的单数变化
There is a book on the bookshelf
There are some books on the bookshelf
Here is the bus stop
Here are your books
一般现在时和现在进行时
表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作,主语是单数第三人称时,动词有单三的变化;主语是非第三人称单数(some)时,动词为原形
They often get up at 7:00
He often gets up t 7:00
一般现在时人称变化,动词的第三人称单数变化
1.末尾+s
play -> plays
2.以s z x ch sh 结尾的词,在末尾+es
boss -> bosses guess guesses
3.辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y变i + es
*candy ->candies study - studies *
4.以o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写就加-es
tomto->tomtos hippo->hippos
一般现在时否定和疑问句用do 、does 帮助构成
- He doesn‘t like the car
- Does he like the car ?
- Yes, he does/No ,He doesn’t
现在进行时,表示现在进行或发生的动作,句中通常有now等时间副词呼应,基本形成be+ding
- They are watching TV
- He is watching TV
- I am watching TV
动词现在分词的变化规则
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一般情况下,直接在动词后边+ing
work - working
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动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去e+ing
take - taking
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重读闭音节动词,要双写词尾字母,再加+ing
cut - cutting
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以-ie结尾的动词,变y+ing
lie - lying
现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时,将be动词否定或提前
- T hey aren’t watching TV.
- Are they watching TV
- He isn’t watching TV
- Is he watching TV?
- Am I watching TV
- Yes. you are/No, you aren’t
一般过去时和过进行时
表示某个时间里发生的动作和状态,过去习惯性、经常性的行为
基本结构: 主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他
一般动词在动词后面加-ed
一些不规则动词不规则变化
- He worked very hard last night
- They came here by car
动词一般过去式变化规则:
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一般在动词后+ ed
play - played
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在以字母e结尾的动词后,只+d
like - liked
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以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,该y为i+ed
supply - supplied
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在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母+ed
plan - planned
过去进行时表示过去某一个时刻或者某一个时间段进行的或发生的动作
was/were+doning
- They were waiting for you
- He was talikng with his friends just now
将来时
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表示将来某一时刻的动作和状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态,常常表示将来的时间状语连用tomrrow, next week, in the future
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助动词will/shall+动词原形,表示将来发生的事情
They will go to shanghai by ship tomrrow
We shall leave for shanghai next month
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"be doing to + 动词原形"用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生动作,以及已有迹象表明必将发生的某事意为“打算”、“就要”.
They are going to play football this afternoon
She is going to leave French next year
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"be doing " 表表示位置转移的动词
如: go, come,leave,start,arrive
可用现在进行时表将来
They are leaving for Japan
She is arriving tomorrow
完成时
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现在完成时(have+p.p),动作过去发生,已经完成,对现在造成影响和后果,动作可能还会持续可食用的时间状语为:already(已经)和Yet(还)
They have already arrived in Shanghai
She has played soccer for 3 hours
she hasn’t finished th homework yet
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过去完成时(had+p.p) 表示剧中的动作发生在过去之前,即过去的过去,已经完成,对过去造成了影星好后果
They had already arrived in Shanghia
She had palyed soccer for 3 hours
She hadn’t finished the homework yet
动词的用法
1.实意动词(Notinal verb)
2.系动词(Link Verb)
3.助动词(Auxiliary Verb)
4.情态动词(Modal Verb)
- 动词有数量和时态的变化,时态通常有三大时态:现在、过去和将来时
- 根据动作进行的状态可分为一般时、进行时和完成时
- 使用动词时通常将1,2结合,例如:一般现在时,过去进行时
He goes to school every day
He went to hospital last night
| 动词原形 | 第三人称单数 | 现在分词 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| play | plays | playing | played | played |
| have | has | having | had | had |
| go | goed | going | went | gone |
情态动词
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can/could表示能力,用be alble to 替代can/could现在过去的能力,客观可能性(can的可能性大)表示请求和允许
- He can/could/is able to swim
- He can/could come tomorrow
- Can/Could I stay Here
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May/might 表示可能新,may的可能性大,请求允许might更委婉
日常回答:
- yes,please
- No, you can‘t/musn’t
- He may/might come here by bus
- May/Might I join you
- yes ,please./No, you can’t/No, you mustn’t
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must/have to 表示必须、必要
must表示主观多一些,而have to则表示客观多一些
have to 有时态和数量的变化
must和have to 二者的否定意义不大相同
如:
You must’t go 你不准去
You don’t have to go 你不必去
- you must get up early
- It‘s going to rain, I have to go home now
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should 表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词时ought to
should 强调主观看法,而ought to 强调客观要求
在疑问句中通常用should替代 ought to
you should/ought to do the job right now
Should they stay her now
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need/don’t have to
- 情态动词
- 实意动词,由第三人称单数和时态的变化,后面+to的不定式
- He needs to come here early
- He doesn’t need to come here early
- Does he need to come here early
- -yes,he does /No ,he doesn’t
- must/have 提问时,否定式使用needn’t /don’t have to
- Must I come here early tomorrow
- -No, you needn’t/don’t have to
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had better 表示“最好做某事”
had 虽然是过去式,但是不表示过去,better 后面接动词原形
eg: He had better eat more
you’d better finish it right now
would better 表示“宁愿,宁可,最好,还是、为好“
eg:you would ranther deal with it now
否定时分别为:
- had better not + 动词原形
- would better not + 动词原形
eg: He had better not eat more
You would rather not deal with it now
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used to, would 表示过去习惯性的动作可翻译为常常
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Used to 可指过去的状态而would 不能
eg: the novel used to be popular
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wuould 反复发生的动作
eg: He would parctise English every week
I used to live in Beijing
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Used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作状态,现在已经结束;would则表示又可能再发生
eg: People used to believe that the earth flat
He would go to the park as soon as the free
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情态动词的疑问和否定
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情态动词 + not +动词原形
eg: He can’t sing an English song
He may not kown her
He must go there
He doesn’t have to go there
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情态动词+主语+ 动词原形
eg: Can he sing an english song -Yes ,he can/No,He can’t
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情态动词+have+p.p 表示过去事实和推测的含义
eg: He can/could have arrived
They may/Might have arrived
He must have arrived
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should + have +p.p;本应该
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neen’t have + p.p ;本不需要
He should have arrived
They should have finished the work
you needn’t have done so
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must have + p.p ;准时已经
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can‘t have + p.p ;不可能已经
He must have arrived
He can’t have arrived
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被动语态
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如果主语是动作的承受着，则用动词的被动语态作谓语
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被动语态的构成:
be+ 动词的过去分词 + by somebody
He is taken to America by his mother
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被动语态有时态变化
the information is needed by us
the book was being read by him
the computer has been used by her
the room will be cleaned
the computer could have been user by them
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被动语态和情态动词
can could be + 动词过去分词
may/might ,must/have to ,should/ought to , had better/would rather,used to /would
need doing /to be +动词的过去分词
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动作的行为不明或者不重要，上下文中提到可省略by
the information is needed
the book is being read
the door was open
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被动语态的疑问句
助动词+ 主语 + （其他助动词 ）+ 动词的过去分词
Is the information needed by him
-yes it is/No isn’t
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被动语态的特殊疑问句
疑问词+助动词+ 主语+（其他助动词 ）+ 动词的过去分词
The girl is taken to shanghai
where is the girl taken
The book has been read three times
How many times has the book been read
非谓语动词
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动词不定式: 由to+动词原形构成,可以做主语、宾语、宾补、定语、表语、状态
主语:To get there by bike will takes us an hour
宾语:The driver failed to see the car in time
宾补:We believe him to be guilty
表语:My suggestion is to put off the metting
状语:I come here only to say goodbye to you
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“动词原形+ing” 可用作动名词,具有动词的特征和变化形式, 但在句子中的用法和功能类同名词:在句子可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语,也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语
Reading is an art
They went on walking an never stopped talking
Your task is quickly cleaning the windows
This is a reading room
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to 不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上，但一般用it代替它作形式主语，这种情况it叫做形式主语也称为假主语
It’s great honor to be invited（被邀请很荣幸）
It is no use crying over spilt milk(覆水难收)
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在宾语位置上，用it代替它作形式宾语
We think it important to learn English
I found It pleasant walking in the park
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对动名词或不定式进行否定是，在不定式或动名词前加not否定就可以
He pretended not to see her
He regrets not joining them
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to+动词不定式 作目的状语
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in order to + verb表示目的
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so as to + verb 表示目的
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in oder to 应道的目的状语，置于句首、句尾均可。
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so as to 应道的目的状语，只能置于句尾
I’ve written it down in order to remember it
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed
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它们的否定形式分别在to前边加not
I’ve written it down in order not to remember it
He shouted and waved so as not to be noticed
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too… to ;太…以至于不能…
the room is too small to live
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enough + n + to +_v/adj + enough + to ；足够可以
There is enough food to eat
The box is big enough to contain six apples
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on - ing ; -一…就…
On seeing the snake, the girl was very frightened
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There is no hope of - ing; 没希望…
There is no hope of seeing him
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feel like - ing 想要
I feel like eating ice cream now
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Have a hard time -ing :做什么艰难
*They have a hard time solving the problem themselves *
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V+ing 可称为动名词也称为现在分词
Writing book is his job
He si writing a book
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动词的p.p形式可称之为动词的过去式分词，用在完成是和被动语态中
He has written the homework
The homework is written
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分词句是包含现在分词和过去分词的分局
The student went out of the classroom, laughing and talking
Accompanied by his friend ,he went to the railway station 被朋友陪着去火车站
原形不定时式
不代to的 动词
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使役动词，表示"使、让"
have ，make , let -> “have/make/let + 宾语 + v”
He made me laugh
I let him go
Please have him come here
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get + 宾语 + to +v
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help + 宾语+（to) +v
I can’t get anyone to do the work properly
I helped him (to) repair the car
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使役动词+ 宾语+过去分词表示“让某物/人被别人
I must get my hair cut
He couldn’t make himself heard
Can you get the work finished in time
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感官动词+动词原形（see/watch/observe/notice/hear/smell/taste/feel + 宾语+ 动词原形/现在分词
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+动词原形表示动词的真实性；+ 现在分词表示动作的连续性、进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday
I sam him working in the garden yesterday
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使役、感官动词+过去分词表达被杂么样
John saw the man knocked down by the car
假设
- 条件状语从句。用if 引导条件状语从句，从句为现在是通常翻译为“如果”
If you get up early, you will catch up with the train.（条件状语从未放在句首，主语放在句尾。从句为一般现在时，主句为一般将来时）
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引导的状语从句可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾
if you ask him ,he will help you
she will be upset if you fail the exam
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与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
从句：动词过去式(be用were)
主句: would/could/should/might + 动词原形
if i were you, i would join them
she would com with you if you invited her
If i had any money with me, i would lend you some
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与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
从句：had+ 动词过去分词
主句： would/could/should/might + 动词过去分词
if i had got there earlier , I should have met her
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such mistake
If he had studied harder, he might have passed the exam
If there had been (be) a heavy snow, we should not have gone skating
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wish + 过去式/过去完成时
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与现在事实相反的愿望
I wish I were as tall as you
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与过去事实相反的愿望
He wished he hadn’t said that
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与将来不太可能实现的愿望
I wish it would rain tomorrow
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as if + 过去式/过去完成时
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从句表示与现在事实相反
you look as if you didn’t card
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从句表示与过去事实相反
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before
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从句表示与将来事实相反
He opened his mouth as if he would say something
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定语从句
修饰一个名词或者代词，，被修饰的名词叫做先行词
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关系代词
，在从句中做一定的成分，代替先行词，起到连接的先行词和从句作用
that，who , which whom ,whose
*The girl whom/that I spoke to is my cousin(表姐)*宾语从句
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先行词是人的话用that、who、whom、whose来引导定语从句
whom在从句中做宾语
who和that 在从句中既可以做主语也可以做宾语
- They are the people that/who were seen yesterday 主语从句
- They are the people whom/that/who I sam yesterday 宾语从句
- They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday 属格谁的关系代词
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先行词是人的话用that、which、whose来引导定语从句
which,that 在从句中可做主语和宾语做宾语可省略
- He came back for the book which/that he had forgotten
- He came back for the book which/that was on the desk
- This is the chair whose leg were broken
指人 指物 主格 who/that which/that 宾格 whom/who/that which/that 属格 whose whose -
why:修饰原因的名词（the reason)
we don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up
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when:修饰表示时间的名词（next week)
we’ll put off the picnic until next week ,when the weather may be better
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where:修饰表示地点的名词(the place)
we don’t know the place where he lives
宾语从句
宾语从句在句子中起到宾语的作用的从句
从属连词:that, if ,whether
he said that he was there yesterday
he doesn’t know if/whether he was there
连接代词: who,whom,whose,what
Do you know who has won the game
Do you know whom he likes
Do you know whose book it is
Do you know what he is looking at
连接副词：when，where，why，how
He wants to know when the party is
He wants to know where the party is
He wants to know why they have a party
He wants to know how they come
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year
比较级&最高级
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通常在形容词和副词后边+er/es
hard - harder - the hardest
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词尾是不发音的单音节e时+r st
nice - nicer - the nicest
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词尾是辅音+y的双音节是，去掉y+ier/iest
dry - drier - the driest
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以一个辅音结尾的重度闭音节是双写最后一个字母+er/est
hot- hotter - the hottest
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多音节和双音节在形容词和副词前more/the most ,less/the least
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不规则变化：good - better - the best， many - more -the most
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比较级 + than
He is taller than his brother
The book is more expensive than the pen
Her English is better than his
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最高级 the +…
He is the tallest in his class
The books is the most expensive of the three
Her English is the best among the three
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