String、StringBuffer与StringBuilder之间区别

String、StringBuffer与StringBuilder之间区别

String、StringBuffer与StringBuilder是java面试中常问的问题，下面针对这三个类进行剖析。

三者源码

String

public final class String
    implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence {
    /** The value is used for character storage. */
    private final char value[];

    /** Cache the hash code for the string */
    private int hash; // Default to 0

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;
    ······
    ······
}

StringBuffer

 public final class StringBuffer extends AbstractStringBuilder implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence{

    /**
     * A cache of the last value returned by toString. Cleared
     * whenever the StringBuffer is modified.
     */
    private transient char[] toStringCache;

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    static final long serialVersionUID = 3388685877147921107L;

    /**
     * Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and an
     * initial capacity of 16 characters.
     */
    public StringBuffer() {
        super(16);
    }
    ······
    @Override
    public synchronized int length() {
        return count;
    }
    
    @Override
    public synchronized int capacity() {
        return value.length;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
        super.ensureCapacity(minimumCapacity);
    }
}

StringBuilder

public final class StringBuilder extends AbstractStringBuilder implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence{

    /** use serialVersionUID for interoperability */
    static final long serialVersionUID = 4383685877147921099L;

    /**
     * Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an
     * initial capacity of 16 characters.
     */
    public StringBuilder() {
        super(16);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an
     * initial capacity specified by the {@code capacity} argument.
     *
     * @param      capacity  the initial capacity.
     * @throws     NegativeArraySizeException  if the {@code capacity}
     *               argument is less than {@code 0}.
     */
    public StringBuilder(int capacity) {
        super(capacity);
    }
    ······
    public StringBuilder append(StringBuffer sb) {
        super.append(sb);
        return this;
    }

    @Override
    public StringBuilder append(CharSequence s) {
        super.append(s);
        return this;
    }
}

区别：

• String底层是一个final修饰的char数组，被final修饰的变量不可变，所以String的对象是不可变对象。这就导致每次对String的操作都会生成新的String对象，不仅效率低下，而且浪费大量优先的内存空间。
• StringBuffer 和 StringBuilder 二者都继承了 AbstractStringBuilder ，底层都是利用可修改的char数组
• StringBuffer就是为了解决大量拼接字符串时产生很多中间对象问题而提供的一个类，提供append和add方法，可以将字符串添加到已有序列的末尾或指定位置，它的本质是一个线程安全的可修改的字符序列，把所有修改数据的方法都加上了synchronized。但是保证了线程安全是需要性能的代价的。
• 在很多情况下我们的字符串拼接操作不需要线程安全，这时候StringBuilder登场了，StringBuilder是JDK1.5发布的，它和StringBuffer本质上没什么区别，就是去掉了保证线程安全的那部分，减少了开销。

使用场景

（1）如果要操作少量的数据用 String；
（2）多线程操作字符串缓冲区下操作大量数据 StringBuffer；
（3）单线程操作字符串缓冲区下操作大量数据 StringBuilder。